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Input:
• T1-weighted (MPRAGE,SPGR)
• 1mm3 resolution
Analysis with FreeSurfer
Surface Model
MR Anatomy Caveats
Curvature Sphere
C F I
Individual T1 Spatial
A Normalization
A Surface
Extraction B Thickness
Deformation
G H Field
Cortical Thickness
1-5mm
Analysis with FreeSurfer
Volumetric Segmentation
Cortex
Lateral Ventricle
White Matter
Thalamus
Caudate Putamen
Pallidum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Not Shown:
Nucleus Accumbens
Cerebellum
Analysis with FreeSurfer
Surface Segmentation
Precentral Gyrus
Postcentral Gyrus
aparc
aparc+aseg
aseg
Analysis with FreeSurfer
Analysis with FreeSurfer
Analysis with FreeSurfer
T1 analysis in Substance Abuse
Volume-based Morphometry
Purpose of the study
To investigate gray matter volumes and brain metabolism in psychotic
BD patients with and without substance abuse and in patients with
substance-induced psychosis coupling Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Positron Emission Tomography.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
High spatial resolution
high definition of brain
structures
Hypothesis
• Chronic use of drugs may alter the way the brain functions and therefore
we hypothesized that substance abuse may have direct effects on brain
regions underpinning the pathophysiology of BD patients
T1 analysis in Substance Abuse
Statistical analyses
- The same statistical analyses (ANCOVA) were performed for both the
MRI and PET approaches with age, sex and intracranial volumes as
covariates.
PET Results
Brain region BA Laterality
BD patients without substance abuse < Healthy Controls
Precentral 9 Left
Inferior Frontal 46 Left
Inferior Frontal 47 Left
Precentral 44 Left
Middle Temporal 21 Left
Superior Temporal 41 Left
Middle Temporal 37 Right
• Therefore, these findings further support the pivotal role of these structures
in the pathogenesis of BD which might, in turn, play a role in the genesis of
mood regulation and neurocognitive deficits observed in these patients.
T1 analysis in Substance Abuse
Romanescu
http://todaysorganicgardening.com/
T1 and fractals
WHAT IS A FRACTAL?
Gray matter (GM) was obtained from brain volumes (FSL FAST)
GM maps were transformed (FNIRT + FLIRT) to MNI standard space to have all subjects aligned to a common reference
space, allowing slice-by-slice comparisons
BET
FAST
FNIRT
FNIRT FLIRT
FLIRT
Fractal dimension was computed on the whole brain and on some major structures:
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
We performed the analysis computing a FD value for each slice of the considered volume. To ensure
presence of contiguous GM regions the analysis was restricted to structure-specific ranges of slices.
T1 and fractals
FRACTALS ON BD PATIENTS
SCZ BD HC
T1 and fractals
FRACTALS ON BD PATIENTS
For example, for a randomly selected BD patient from our group in frontal lobe:
FD
Slice
T1 and fractals
With fractal dimension we considered the complexity of gray matter, and of the whole, non-segmented brain, to see if its
possible modifications could be related to illness.
Quantitative indexes that discriminate brain images of subjects affected by psychiatric diseases from those of healthy
could potentially help to improve the diagnostic process.
Bipolar disorder is related with loss of GM volume (Bora et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). It is thus reasonable to hypothesize
that alterations in GM should be detectable when considering its geometry.