COMPUTER SCIENCE

What is an operating system?

Need of an operating system?

Functions of an operating system?

Types of operating systems?

A Presentation By: Aaqifah, Aditi, Akshay, Ashish, Sinchana, Devdarshan

DEFINITION : Operating system is software that is required in
order to run application programs and utilities. It is a software that
works as an interface between a user and the computer hardware.

OBJECTIVE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS : The primary objective of an

operating system is to make computer system convenient to use and to
utilize computer hardware in an efficient manner. The operating system
performs the basic tasks such as receiving input from the keyboard,
processing instructions and sending output to the screen.
 EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS
OPERATING SYSTEMS

 Windows 7 : OS for desktop and

MOST POPULAR OS

laptop computers
 Android : OS for smartphones
 iOS : OS for tablets
 Variants of Linux are most
widely used in the Internet of
things and smart devices..
 Other variants of Linux are the
most popular operating system on
other web servers and
supercomputers.
 USE OF VARIOUS OS WORLDWIDE

36.5% 5.52% 13.02% 40.05% 0.74%

WINDOWS OS X. iOS ANDROID LINUX

(Global Stats: Operating system market share worldwide from July 2017-July 2018)
An operating system is the most
essential program that allows a
computer to run and execute
programs. Without an operating
system, a computer cannot be of
any important use since the
computer's hardware won't be
able to communicate with the
software.

OS plays a significant role for the

various functions that it performs.
Process Management: The process management module of an Operating
System takes care of the creation & deletion of processes, scheduling of
various system resources to the different process requesting them, and
providing mechanism for synchronization and communication among
processes.

Memory Management: The memory management module of an Operating

System takes care of the allocation and reallocation of memory space to the
various program in need of this resource.

File Management: Computers use a lot of data and programs, which are,
stored on secondary storage devices. File management functions of an
operating system involves keeping track of all different files and maintaining
the integrity of data stored in the files including file directory structure.
Security: The security modules of an Operating System protects the
resources & information of a computer system against destruction and
unauthorized access.

Command Interpretation: The Command Interpretation module of an

Operating System takes care of interpreting of user commands, &
directing the system resources to handle the requests. With this mode of
interaction with the system, the user is usually not too concerned with the
hardware details of the system.

Input/ Output or Device Management: Coordination & control of various

input & output devices is an important function of the Operating System.
This involves receiving the request for I/O interrupts, & communicating
back to the requesting process.

Job Control: When the user wants to run an application program, he

must communicate with the Operating System telling it what to do. He
does this using Operating System job control language or JCL. JCL
consists of a number of Operating Systems commands, called system
commands that control the functioning of the Operating System.
 BATCH OPERATING
SYSTEM
TIME SHARING
OPERATING SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTED
OPERATING SYSTEM

NETWORK
OPERATING SYSTEM

REAL TIME
OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPE 1
ADVANTAGES:
 It is very difficult to guess
or know the time required
by any job to complete.
Processors of the batch
systems knows how long
the job would be when it
is in queue.
 Multiple users can share
the batch systems.
 The idle time batch
system is very less.
 It is easy to manage large
work repeatedly in batch
systems.
TYPES OF OS
BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
This type of operating system does not interact
with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having same
requirement and groups them into batches. It is
the responsibility of the operator to sort the
jobs with similar needs. DISADVANTAGES:
 The computer operators
should be well known with
batch systems.
 Batch systems are hard to
debug.
 It is sometimes costly.
 The other jobs will have to
wait for an unknown time if
any job fails.
Examples of Batch based Operating System:
Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.
TYPE 2 TYPES OF OS
TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM
Each task has been given some time to
execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly.
Each user gets time of CPU as they use single
system. These systems are also known as
Multitasking Systems. The task can be from
single user or from different users also. The
time that each task gets to execute is called
ADVANTAGES:
 Each task gets an equal quantum. After this time interval is over OS DISADVANTAGES:
opportunity. switches over to next task.  Reliability problem.
 Less chances of duplication  One must have to take care
of software. of security and integrity of
 CPU idle time can be user programs and data.
reduced.  Data communication
problem.

Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix

etc.
TYPE 3
ADVANTAGES:
 Failure of one will not affect
the other network
communication, as all
systems are independent
from each other.
 Electronic mail increases
the data exchange speed.
 Since resources are being
shared, computation is
highly fast and durable.
 Load on host computer
reduces.
 These systems are easily
scalable as many systems
can be easily added to the
network.
 Delay in data processing
reduces.
TYPES OF OS
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
This type of operating system is a recent advancement
in the world of computer technology and is being
widely accepted all-over the world. Various
autonomous interconnected computers communicate
each other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit DISADVANTAGES:
and CPU. These are referred as loosely coupled  Failure of the main network
systems or distributed systems. These systems will stop the entire
processors differ in sizes and functions. communication.
 To establish distributed
systems the language
which are used are not well
defined yet.
 These types of systems are
not readily available as they
are very expensive. Not
only that the underlying
software is highly complex
and not understood well
yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS
etc.
TYPE 4 TYPES OF OS
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
These systems run on a server and provides the capability
to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions. These type of operating
systems allows shared access of files, printers, security,
applications, and other networking functions over a small
ADVANTAGES: private network. One more important aspect of Network
 Highly stable centralized Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of
servers. the underlying configuration, of all other users within the
 Security concerns are network, their individual connections etc. DISADVANTAGES:
handled through servers.  Servers are costly.
 New technologies and  User has to depend on
hardware up-gradation are central location for most
easily integrated to the operations.
system.  Maintenance and updates
 Server access are possible are required regularly.
remotely from different
locations and types of
systems.

Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft

Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD
etc.
TYPE 5
ADVANTAGES:
 Maximum Consumption: Maximum
utilization of devices and system,
thus more output from all the
resources.
 Task Shifting: Time assigned for
shifting tasks in these systems are
very less.
 Focus on Application: Focus on
running applications and less
importance to applications which
are in queue.
 Real time operating system in
embedded system: Since size of
programs are small, RTOS can
also be used in embedded systems
like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems
are error free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory
allocation is best managed in these
type of systems.
TYPES OF OS
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
These types of OSs serves the real-time systems. The
time interval required to process and respond to inputs DISADVANTAGES:
is very small. This time interval is called response time.  Limited Tasks: Very few task
Real-time systems are used when there are time run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on
requirements are very strict like missile systems, air
few applications to avoid
traffic control systems, robots etc. errors.
 Use heavy system
resources: Sometimes the
system resources are not so
good and they are expensive
TWO TYPES OF as well.
REAL TIME  Complex Algorithms: The
OPERATING algorithms are very complex
SYSTEM and difficult for the designer to
write on.
 Hard real time  Device driver and interrupt
signals: It needs specific device
 Soft real time drivers and interrupt signals to
response earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to
set thread priority as these
Examples of Real Time Operating System are: systems are very less prone to
Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, switching tasks.
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air
traffic control systems, etc.
Thankyou!
DATE OF ASSIGNMENT: 13 Aug’ 2018

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 21 Aug’ 2018