Chapter 3 Transport

PT3
 The Need of Circulatory in Organisms
• Large organisms need a transport system to
supply their cells with
– Nutrients
– Oxygen
– Other materials
– To remove waste product.
• E.g. Urea and carbon dioxide

* In unicellular organisms, exchange of materials

can occur through diffusion.
 Transport System
• Human transport system: circulatory system
• Consists of:
– Heart
– Blood vessel
– Blood
 心
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN HEART
Structure of Heart
Structure of Heart
 Function of Heart
• Pump blood to all parts of the body

* The heart functions as two pumps with

different pressure system.
• Heart  Lungs (deoxygenated blood)
• Heart  other parts of the body (oxygenated
blood)
 Structure & Function of Heart
• 4 Chambers:
– 2 thin walled atria
– 2 thick walled ventricles
– Septum – separates the right chamber from the
left chamber.
 Permits the separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
 Structure & Function of Heart
• Left atrium
– Pumps oxygenated blood to the left ventricle
• Right atrium
– Pumps deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle
• Left ventricle
– Pumps blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
• Right ventricle
– Pumps deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs
 Structure & Function of Heart
• Vena Cava
– Carry deoxygenated blood from the body (except from
the lungs) to the right atrium of the heart.
• Pulmonary artery
– Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
• Pulmonary vein
– Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• Aorta
– Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
 Structure & Function of Heart
• Valve
– Prevent backflow of blood into the heart
– Keeping the blood flowing in one direction

• The closure of atrio ventricular valves

produces the first heart sound, “lub”.

• The closure of semilunar valve produces the

second heart sound, “dub”.
 How the heart functions
• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/heartan
dcirculation/1/1
• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/asset/0/flash/
1589.swf
• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/asset/0/flash/
1575.swf
• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/asset/0/flash/
1581.swf
 Structure & Function of Heart
• The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular
than the right
• Why?
– to produce a higher pressure so that blood can be
pumped around the body.
– Right ventricle pumped blood to the lungs which
is much nearer to the heart
less pressure gives more time to gaseous
exchange.
Pg 56

BLOOD VESSELS & THEIR

FUNCTIONS
Blood Vessels
 Types of Blood Vessels
• There are THREE types of blood vessels:
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins

* The human circulatory system is called a

closed system.
 Artery
• Has a small lumen.
• Transports blood away from the heart.
• Pressure of the blood is high due to the
pumping of heart
• Blood flows fast.
• All arteries carries oxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery.
• Walls are thick and strong.
 Artery (cont.)
• Wall can be stretched and recoiled.
• Arteries can constrict
• No valves (except in aorta and pulmonary
artery – semilunar valves).
• Aorta is the largest artery in our body.
 Capillary
• Has small lumen
– (just big enough for red blood cell to squeeze through)

• Capillaries are the tiniest of all blood vessels.

• Wall consists of endothelium cells.
• Connect arterioles to venules.
• Carry oxygenated blood to the tissues and
collects deoxygenated blood back from the
tissues.
 Capillary (cont.)
• Allows the exchange of substances between
blood and body cells by diffusion
• Capillaries cannot constrict
• No valves
• No pulses. Pressure lower than arteries but
higher than veins.
 Vein
• Has thinner wall compared to artery
• Less muscular and elastic
• Transports blood towards the heart.
• Transports deoxygenated blood, except
pulmonary vein
• Has valves.
• No pulses. Pressure lower than arteries and
capillaries.
• Veins cannot constrict by itself, blood is pushed
by the contraction of skeletal muscles.
• Blood flow in fish tail
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_1yYzi9uU
g
Human: Double Circulatory System
• Blood flows through the heart twice.
Heart  lungs  heart  body (organs)

• Double circulation consists of:

– Pulmonary circulation
• Transport blood between heart and lungs.
– Systemic circulation
• Transport blood between heart and other parts of the
body.
 Blood Pressure
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9OZsD
ECZw&t=137s
Blood Pressure
Systole
(Contraction)
& Diastole
(Relaxation)
of Heart
Note that both atria contract at the same
time while ventricles relax and vice versa.
“lub” sound = closure of bicuspid & tricuspid valves

“dub” sound = closure of semilunar valves

 Pulse Rate
• Your pulse is your heart rate
• or the number of times your heart beats in
one minute.
 What is a normal pulse?
• Normal heart rates at rest:
• Children (ages 6 - 15) 70 – 100 beats per
minute
• Adults (age 18 and over) 60 – 100 beats per
minute
3.3 Human Blood
 Blood
• A healthy adult has about 5L of blood in his body.

• Blood function as:

a) transportation – oxygen, waste products,
nutrients
b) regulation of pH, body temperature and water
content
c) Protection – against disease; from blood loss by
clotting.
Blood components can be separated
by centrifugation.
 Blood components
Blood cells (Cellular
Blood Plasma components)
• Comprises 55% of the blood • 45%
content • Made up of red blood cells,
• Pale yellowish liquid white blood cells and
• Made up of 90% water & platelets.
10% soluble substances
– Nutrients (e.g glucose)
– Waste products
– Respiratory gases
– Hormones
– Mineral salts
– Plasma proteins
 Red blood cells
• Their colour is caused by the pigment
haemoglobin
• Produced in bone marrow
• Biconcave shape
• No nucleus
• 5millions of the cells in 1ml
• Of blood
• Main function:
to transport oxygen
from lungs to all living
cells
 White blood cells
• Involved in the body defense system.
• Have nucleus
• Larger than red blood cells
• Spherical or irregular shape
• Produced in the bone marrow & lymph nodes
 Platelets
• Fragment of cells broken off from a large cell
in the bone marrow.
• 0.25million of the cells in 1ml of blood.
• Help in blood clotting to stop bleeding.
 Blood Groups & Compatibility
• A, B, AB, O
• Universal donors: Blood Group O
• Universal recipients: Blood Goup AB

• Donor’s blood must be compatible with

recipient’s blood, if not agglutination or
coagulation of blood will take place.
• Can cause death.