Wireless Network

PMIT-6217

By-
Jesmin Akhter
Associate Professor
Institute of Information Technology
Jahangirnagar University
 Schedule

• Continue from 14.09.2018--------

– Every week
• Friday
• From 09:00 AM-11:00 PM / 11:05 AM-1:05 AM

NB: Schedule may change

 Grading Policy

• Attendance =10%
• Exercise test =10%
– Instant test
– Assignment
– Presentation
• Class Test (Average of two) =20%
• Final Examination =60%
================================
=100%
 Text Book
Wireless Communications and Networking
Vijay K. Garg
 Lecture 01
Introduction to Wireless Network
 Outline
• Introduction
– Wireless Network
– Elements of a wireless network
– Wireless Link Characteristics
– Four main types of wireless networks
What does Wireless Network mean?

• Wireless networks are computer networks that are not

connected by cables of any kind.
• The use of a wireless network enables enterprises to avoid the
costly process of introducing cables into buildings or as a
connection between different equipment locations.
• The basis of wireless systems are radio waves, an
implementation that takes place at the physical level of
network structure.
• Wireless networks use radio waves to connect devices such as
laptops to the Internet, the business network and applications.

7
 Why Wireless?
• Ease of use:
– Use from anywhere
• Ease of deployment:
– No running media cables between Transceivers
• Mobility:
– Communicate while moving

3
Elements of a wireless network
wireless hosts
 laptop, smartphone
 run applications
 may be stationary (non-
mobile) or mobile
network
infrastructure  wireless does not
always mean
mobility

Wireless, Mobile Networks 9

Elements of a wireless network
base station
 typically connected to
wired network
 relay - responsible for
sending packets between
network
wired network and
infrastructure
wireless host(s) in its
“area”
 e.g., cell towers,
802.11 access points

Wireless, Mobile Networks 10

Elements of a wireless network
wireless link
 typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
 also used as backbone
link
network  multiple access protocol
infrastructure coordinates link access
 various data rates,
transmission distance

Wireless, Mobile Networks 11

Elements of a wireless network
infrastructure mode
 base station connects
mobiles into wired
network
 handoff: mobile changes
network
base station providing
infrastructure
connection into wired
network

Wireless, Mobile Networks 12

Elements of a wireless network
ad hoc mode
 no base stations
 connected wirelessly
 nodes can only transmit to other nodes
within link coverage
 nodes organize themselves into a
network: route among themselves
 continuously self-configuring
 MANET is free to move independently in
any direction, and will therefore change
its links to other devices frequently

Wireless, Mobile Networks 13

 Wireless network taxonomy/
classification
single hop multiple hops
host connects to host may have to
infrastructure base station (WiFi, relay through several
WiMAX, cellular) wireless nodes to
(e.g., APs)
which connects to connect to larger
larger Internet Internet

no base station, no
no base station, no connection to larger
no Internet. May have to
infrastructure connection to larger
Internet (Bluetooth, relay to reach other
ad hoc nets) a given wireless node
MANET(mobile ad hoc network ),
VANET(Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network)

Wireless, Mobile Networks 14

 Wireless Link Characteristics (1)
important differences from wired link ….
– decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it
propagates through matter (path loss)
– interference from other sources: standardized wireless
frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices
(e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well
– multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off
objects/ground, reaching destination at slightly
different times

…. make communication across (even a point to point)

wireless link much more “difficult”

Wireless, Mobile Networks 15

 Wireless Link Characteristics (2)
• SNR: signal-to-noise ratio
– larger SNR – easier to extract signal from noise (a “good thing”)

Wireless, Mobile Networks 16

 Wireless network characteristics(3)
Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional
problems (beyond multiple access):

A B C
C

A’s signal C’s signal

B strength strength
A

Hidden terminal problem

space

 B, A hear each other Signal attenuation:

 B, C hear each other  B, A hear each other
 A, C can not hear each other  B, C hear each other
means A, C unaware of their  A, C can not hear each other
interference at B interfering at B
Wireless, Mobile Networks 17
Four main types of wireless networks
• Wireless Local Area Network (LAN): Links two or more
devices using a wireless distribution method, providing a
connection through access points to the wider Internet.
• Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Connects
several wireless LANs.
• Wireless Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers large areas
such as neighboring towns and cities.
• Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN): Interconnects
devices in a short span, generally within a person’s reach.

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Four main types of wireless networks
Personal
802.15.3 GSM, CDMA,
Bluetooth
UMTS…
60 GHz 3GPP
UWB Wide
(ultra-wide band)

802.11
Wi-Fi Local Metro
802.16 WiMAX
 WAN (Mobile Cellular Network)
Break the metropolitan area into small areas.

Each area is approximated with a hexagonal cell.

A base station is located at the center of each cell.

Each cell is assigned only a fraction of the total

number of channels.

Cells that are sufficiently far apart can reuse the same
frequency.
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 2

3 7 2

1 3 7

4 6 1

2 5 4 6

3 7 2 5

1 3 7 2

4 6 1 3 7

5 4 6 1

2 5 4 6

3 7 2 5

1 3 7

4 6 1

5 4 6

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MSC PSTN

Mobile cellular network 22

 Wireless LAN
A WLAN provides wireless network communication over short
distances using radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network
cabling.
 A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network that uses
radio waves as its carrier.
Wireless LANs provide high-speed data within a small region, e.g. a
campus or small building, as users move from place to place. Wireless
devices that access these LANs are typically stationary or moving at
pedestrian speeds.
 It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600
Mbit/s.
In WLAN, wireless adapters provide the interface between the
network operating system and an antenna to create a transparent
connection to the network. 23
Ethernet is widely used
Wireless LANs can operate in one of two configurations,
 with a base station and
 without a base station.
 Figure a:
 The last link with the users is wireless, to give a network connection to all
users in a building or campus.
 The backbone network usually uses cables

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

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(b) Ad hoc networking.
Figure b:
Each user in the wireless network communicates directly with
all others, without a backbone network sometimes called ad-hoc
network.

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.
25
An ad hoc wireless network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes
that self-configure to form a network without the aid of any established
infrastructure, as shown in Figure below.

Without an inherent infrastructure, the mobiles handle the necessary

control and networking tasks by themselves, generally through the use
of distributed control algorithms.

26
Four prominent wireless technologies: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (more
formally known as 802.11), WiMAX (802.16), and third-generation
or 3G cellular wireless.

27
Benefits of Wireless LANs

People can access the network from where they want; they are no longer
limited by the length of the cable.
Some cities have started to offer Wireless LANs. This means that people
can access the internet even outside their normal work environment, for
example when they ride the train.
Setting up a wireless LAN can be done with one box (called Access point).
This box can handle a varying number of connections at the same time.
Wired networks require cables to be laid. This can be difficult for certain
places.
Access points can serve a varying number of computers using DHCP.
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol for
assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With
dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP address every
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time it connects to the network
Architecture of the LAN and MAN (WiFi- and WiMAX) integrated
network:

There may be several RSs (Relay Stations) in the coverage area of

one WiMAX BS. Each RS can establish a communication link with its
BS and can serve several MSs in its signal coverage. In addition, a RS
can connect to multiple APs through wirelines (such as Ethernet,
Fiber, etc.), that is, this RS serves as the access network of these APs.

A dual-mode MS may connect to an AP or establish a

communication link with a RS.

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Relay Station (RS)
AP Access Point

Architecture of the LAN and MAN (WiFi- and WiMAX)

integrated network
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Thank You

31
The Electromagnetic Spectrum