SURVEYING

& LEVELLING

Lecture # 1

Made by
Ayaz Waseem
COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction to Survey
Chain Surveying
Compass Traversing
Plane Table Surveying
Leveling
Theodolite Traversing
Tacheometric Surveying
Contouring
Computation of Area
Computation of Volume
REFERENCES
Surveying and Levelling,
by N. N. Basak

Surveying and Levelling, Volume 1

by Bhavikatti

Engineering Surveying, 6th Edition

by W. Schofield and M. Breach
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY
SURVEYING
Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of
natural and man-made features on the surface of earth by
making measurements in the horizontal plane

LEVELLING
Levelling is the art of determining the relative position of
natural and man-made features on the surface of earth by
making measurements in the vertical plane
OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING
The objective of surveying is to show relative position of
various objects on paper. Such representations on paper are
called maps or plans

MAP/ PLAN
A plan or a map may be defined as the graphical representation
of the features on the surface of the earth as projected on a
horizontal plane to a suitable scale
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MAP AND A PLAN

 Since the earth surface is curved and that of a paper is

plane, no part of Earth can be represented on a paper
without distortion

 If area to be represented is small, the distortion is less

and a large scale can be used for drawing. Such
representations are called plans

 If area to be represented is large, the distortion is large

and small scales are to be used for the drawing. Such
representations are called maps
Notice!!!
How much
distortion I
have made ...

Now that’s a
MAP!!
 APPLICATION OF SURVEY
 Topographical maps
 Road maps
 Cadastral maps
 Military surveys help in strategic planning
 Marine surveys help in planning navigation routes and harbors
 Archaeological maps
 Contour maps
 Mine surveys are required for exploring mineral wealth
 Geological surveys help in identifying underground resources
 Astronomical surveys help in study of astronomical movements
of planets and for calculating local and standard times
TOPOGRAPHICAL
MAP
(Map of Sierra, Nevada )
 MILITARY
MAP
(Military map of US in WWII)
ROAD MAP
(Map of Pakistan)
GEOLOGICAL
MAP
(Map of Pakistan)
 LAND MINE
MAP
(Land mines in the Balkans- The major mountain
range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula )
 NAUTICAL
CHART
(New York Harbor Nautical Chart)
CADASTRAL
MAP
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MAP
(Argos Archaeological sites map)
CONTOUR MAP
 PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
 PLANE SURVEYING
In plane surveying the curvature of Earth is not taken into
consideration. The line joining any two points is considered
straight. The triangle formed by joining any three points is
considered to be plane and the angles of triangles are assumed
to be plane angels. It is carried over area less than 250 km2

 GEODETIC SURVEYING
In this surveying the curvature of Earth is taken into
consideration. The line joining any two points is considered as a
curve. The triangle formed by joining any three points is
considered to be spherical and the angles of triangles are
assumed to be spherical angels. It is carried over an area
exceeding 250 km2
 SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

 BASED ON INSTRUMENT USED

1. Chain surveying
2. Compass traversing
3. Plane table surveying
4. Theodolite surveying
5. Tacheometric surveying
6. Photographic surveying

 BASED ON METHOD OF SURVEYING

1. Triangulation surveying
2. Traverse surveying
 THEODOLITE SURVEYING
COMPASS TRAVERSING
CHAIN SURVEYING

PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

 BASED ON OBJECT OF SURVEYING
1. Geological surveying
2. Mine surveying
3. Archaeological surveying
4. Military surveying

 BASED ON NATURE OF FIELD

1. Land surveying
i. Topographical surveying
ii. Cadastral surveying
iii. Engineering surveying
iv. City surveying
2. Marine surveying
3. Astronomical surveying
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING

 To work from whole to part

 To locate a new station by at least two measurements

(linear or angular) from fixed reference points.
CONCLUDED