Chapter 8

The Standard
Citation and
Referencing
Styles
General Writing Tips

1. Other literature reviews and related articles should be

used as guide questions.
2. Using the first person should be avoided.
3. Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, should be
limited to specific cases only.
Example:
“conducted a study” instead of “did a study”
“examined” instead of “looked for”
2
General Writing Tips

4. The paper should be organized

according to topics and not by
chronology.
5. It should be concise.
6. Revise and rewrite
7. It is imperative to develop good
citation habits. 3
General writing
style formats

4
General Writing Style Format Tips
1. If name(s) are the first part of citation, they
are capitalized and listed. (i.e., last name,
initials of the first name/s)
2. Separate names with comma, and use an
ampersand (&) before the last author.
3. Use ED, for non editor and Eds. for multiple
editors
4. Capitalize the first word in titles and
subtitles, and proper names.
5. Place of publication should include the name 5
General Writing Style Format Tips
6. If you are citing a book chapter
or section you must indicate the
pages. Use p. for a single page
and pp. for multiple pages.
7. Put a space after the p. and put
a dash (-) between the
numbers.
6
American
Psychological
Association
(APA)
Referencing
Guide
Book by a single author Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings commit
suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly
facts. New York: Oxford University
Press.

Book by two or more authors Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of

course you’re angry: A guide to dealing
with the emotions of substance abuses
(Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.

Book by a corporate author Children’s Express. (1999). Voices from

the future: Our children tell us about
violence in America, New York: Crown

Book by an unknown author The Koran. (1974). New York: Crescent

Books.

Book with editors Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K.

(Eds.). (1995). Examining lives in
context: Perspectives on the ecology of
human development. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association. 8
Modern
Language
Association
(MLA)
Referencing
Guide
Book, single author Garcia Marquez, Gabriel, Love in the Time of Cholera, New
York: Vintage, 1988. Print.

Book, two to three Casell, Kay Ann and Uma Hiremath. Reference and
authors Information Services in the 21st century: An introduction. New
York: Neal-Schuman, 2004. Print.

Book, three or more Robbins, Chandler S., et al. Birds of North America: A Guide to
authors Field Identification. New York: Golden, 1966. Print.

Book with translator Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Viking,
1996. Print.

A work (e.g., essay, short Kimball, Jean. “Growing Up Together: Joyce and
story) in anthology or Psychoanalysis, 1900-1922. “Ed. Michael Patrick Gillespie.
compilation Joyce through the Ages: a Nonlinear View, Gainesville: UP of
Florida, 1999. 25-45. Print.

An introduction, a Hughes, Ted. Introduction. Collected Poems. By Sylvia Plath.

preface, a foreword, or an Ed. Hughes. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992. 13-17. Print.
afterword in a book (where Hughes is the author of the introduction, Plath is the
author of the poems, and Hughes is also the editor. Page
numbers are for the introduction) 10
Book, later edition Blamiers, Harry. The New Bloomsday Book: A Guide through
Ulysses. 3rd ed. New York: Routhledge, 1996. Print.

Book, scholarly edition Eliot, George. Middlemarch. Ed. Bert G. Hornback. New
York:Norton, 1977. Print.

Article in an online Hannah, Daniel K. “The Private Life, the Public Stage: Henry
database James in Recent Fiction.” Journal of Modern Literature 30.3
(2007): 70-94.Print.

A review Bulson, Eric. “Dead Slowly.” Rev. of The Modernist Papers, by

Fredric Jameson. The Times Literary Supplement 25 July
2008: 426. Print
(where Bulson is the reviewer)

11
a. Name of the author, compiler,
editor, etc.
b. Title of the work (itemized if a
stand-alone work; in quotation
marks if part of a larger work).
c. Title of the website, italicized, if
different,
d. Version or edition
e. Publisher or sponsor. If not
known, type: N.p.
f. Date of publication
(day,month,year). If not known,
type: n.d.
12
g. Website address.
Chicago/
Turabian
Referencing
Guide
The discipline of History uses Turabian format for citing
sources.
The Turabian format is a derivative of the Chicago style.

Some of the major differences between the formats are as

follows:
- Indentation: the first line of a footnote is indented, while
subsequent lines are not.
- Name order: Footnotes list author as first name, last
name. whereas bibliographic citation list author as last
name, first name.
- Punctuation: footnotes use more commas and
bibliographic citations use more periods. 14
 “
The following examples of most
common types of citations are
taken/adapted directly from the 8th
edition (2003)
N- are for footnotes/endnotes
B- for bibliographic entry

15
Book, single N: Harriet Murav, Music from a
author Speeding Train: Jewish
Literature in Post-revolution
Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford
Unviersity Press, 2011) 219-
220.

B: Murav, Harriet, Music from a

Speeding Train: Jewish
Literature in Post-revolution
Russia. Stanford University
16
Press. 2011.
When to
use these
type of
citation
17
There are many different ways of citing
resources from your research. The citation
style sometimes depends on the academic
discipline involved. For example:
•APA (American Psychological Association)
is used by Education, Psychology, and
Sciences
•MLA (Modern Language Association) style
is used by the Humanities
•Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
Business, History, and the Fine Arts
18
19