EYES

BREAKER

REPORTER: GUERRA, TEOFI MILL

NICKI MINAJ
CHARLIE PUTH
KIM KARDASHIAN
VICE GANDA
PIA WURTZBACH
SENSE OF
SIGHT
 SENSE OF SIGHT
– The eye is the organ of vision. It has a complex structure
consisting of a transparent lens that focuses light on the
retina.
– Sight or vision is the capability of the eye(s) to focus and
detect images of visible lights on photoreceptors in the retina
of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for
varying colors, hues and brightness.
 Anatomy of the Eye
– CORNEA- clear front window of the eye that transmits and focuses light into the eye.
– IRIS - colored part of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light that enters
– PUPIL- dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye
– LENS- transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina
– RETINA- nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical
impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain
– MACULA- small central area in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells and
allows us to see fine details clearly
– OPTIC NERVE- connects the eye to the brain and carries the electrical impulses formed
by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain
– VITREOUS- clear, jelly-like substance that fills the middle of the eye
Anatomy of the Eye

– CROSS SECTION IMAGE FRONTAL VIEW OF THE EYE

SENSE OF SIGHT
Eye acts much like a camera
– Lens of eye adjusts to bring object into clear
– Pupil of eye constricts to allow less light to enter in darker setting
– Through bending of light rays, image reaches retina
ACCESORY STRUCTURE OF THE
EYE
– Eyelids- protects expose anterior surface of the eye
– Eyebrows-located on the brow ridges, also shield the eyes from overhead light and
divert sweat from the eyes
– Eyelashes-help to keep airborne particles from reaching the eye surface and provide
some protection from excessive light
– Conjunctiva – covers sclera
– Lacrimal apparatus - containing the orbital structures for tear production and
drainage
– Extrinsic eye muscles- to move the eyeballs voluntarily
– Intrinsic eye muscles- involuntary mucles
 Extrinsic Eye Muscle
– Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
– Produce eye movements
1. Lateral rectus
2. Medial rectus
3. Superior rectus
4. Inferior rectus
5. Inferior oblique
6. Superior oblique
Structure of the eye
Three layers or coats or tunics forming the wall of the eyeball

Fibrous Layer
 Outside layer

 Vascular Layer
 Middle layer

 Sensory Layer
 Inside layer
Structure of the EYE: The fibrous layer
– SCLERA
- White connective tissue layer
- Seen anteriorly as “the white of the eye”

 CORNEA
 Transparent, central anterior portion
 Allows for light to pass through
Structure of the Eyes: Vascular Layer

– Choroid
-is a blood rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye
-Pigment prevents lights from scattering

– Ciliary body-smooth muscle attached to lens that change the lens shape

– Iris- regulates amount of light entering the eye.

 pigmented color that gives eye color
 composed of circular and radial muscles in bright light
Structure of the Eyes: Sensory Layer

– Retina contains two layers

1. Outer pigmented layer
2. Inner neural layer
-contains receptor cells
(photoreceptors)
 Rods
 Cones
– Three layers of neurons make up a major portion of the retina.
Named in the order in which the conduct impulses:
Photoreceptor Neurons

Bipolar Neurons

Ganglion Neurons

Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two-neuron chain

 Bipolar neurons
 Ganglion Cells

Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve
Optic disc( blind spot) is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
Structure of the Eyes: Sensory Layer

Rods
 Most are found towards the edges of the retina
 Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
 Objects are seen in shades of gray not color
 Contains pigment rhodopsin ( sensitive to light, it causes a rapid breakdown of
the pigment into its scotopsin and retinal components
Cones
 Allow for detailed color vision
 Densest in the center of the retina
 Fovea centralis ( area of the retina with only cones )
 Lens
– Biconvex crystal-like structure and flexible
– Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
– Focuses image onto retina
– Changes lens thickness to allow light to be properly focused on
retina
Segments, or chambers of the eye
– Anterior Chamber
– Posterior Chamber
– Vitreous Segment
AQUEOS HUMOR
– Watery fluid found between lens and cornea
– Similar to blood plasma
– Helps maintain intraocular pressure

VITREOUS HUMOR
– Posterior to the lens
– Gel-like substance with fine fibrils
– Prevents the eye from collapsing
How do we see?
– For vison to occur:
 An image must be formed on the retina to stimulate the
rods and cones

 Nerve impulses must be conducted to the visual areas of

the cerebral cortex

 Interpretation occurs
Formation of a retinal image
– 4 processes focus light rays so that they form clear images
on the retina
1. Accommodation of the lens
2. Constriction of the pupils
3. Convergence of the eyes
Process of image formation on the retina
– 1. Refraction
-bending of light as medium changes to focus light

– 2. Accommodation of lens for near/distance vision

-shape of lens changed by ciliary muscle to make light focus on retina

– 3. Dilation/ Constriction of pupil

-ANS reflex to prevent scattering of light through edges of lens

– 4. Convergence of eyes
-to focus both eyes on same object and provide vision
PATHWAY OF LIGHT THROUGH THE
EYE

– Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision

– The eye is set for distance vision
– Accomodation- lens must change shape to focus on closer objects
Pathway of the light through the Eye
– Pathway of light on the retina is

 Reversed from left to right

 Upside down
 Smaller than the object
Visual Nerve Pathways
– Ganglion cell axons leave the eye to form the optic sensory nerve.
– The nerve fibers cross anterior to pituitary gland, the optic chiasma
– Nerve fibers travel to the thalamus and to reflex centers
– Optic radiations are nerve pathways that lead to the
visual association area in the occipital lobe.
Errors on refraction
– Emmetropia-eye focuses images correctly on the retina

– Myopia- (nearsighted)
distant object appear blurry
light from those objects fails to reach the retina

– Hyperopia(farsighted)
near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear
distant objects are focused on the retina
– Astigmatism
images are blurry
Results from light focusing as lens, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the
cornea or lens

– Correction
special senses with uneven curvature
– Cataracts
When lens becomes hard and opaque (color), our vision become hazy and distorted
Clouding of lens
Inadequate nutrient delivery to deeper lens fiber
Causes:
Diabetes, smoking, UV damage, age-related, thickening of lens

– Night blindedness
Inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night

Treatment:
Vitamin A supplements
– Color Blindness
Genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors
Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)
More common in males
most common type
1. Red-green
2. Deficit or absence of of red or green cones
3. Seen as same color

Glaucoma
-can cause blinddness due to the increasing pressure in the eye