IMPLEMENTATION OF

RESONATORS USING
TRANSMISSION LINES

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF :

MR.P.SATHEESH KUMAR

PROJECT MEMBERS:

LAKSHMI PRIYA PR. (1504024)

NOUSHEIN F.B. (1504033)
YAZHINI M.C. (1504054)
 INTRODUCTION

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior i.e.

it naturally oscillates at some frequencies called its resonant frequencies, with
greater amplitude than at others. Resonators can be implemented using
transmission lines. (microstrip resonators)

Generally when designing with transmission line elements with micro strip it is
necessary to create lumped element equivalents for shunt and series capacitors and
inductors. These formulas provide the conversion.

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The lumped component elements must be
converted to distributed elements using
Richard’s transformation , the concept of the unit
element and Kuroda’s identities.

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RICHARD’S TRANSFORMATION
Zin = jZotan(βl) = jZotanθ -- (1)
Θ = β ƛ0/8 = 2πfvp/vp8f0 = πf/4f0 = πΩ/4
--(2)
By substituting (2) in (1),
jXL = jωL = jZOtan (πf/4f0) = jZOtan(πΩ/4) = SZ0 ---(3)

where S= jtan(πΩ / 4) is the actual Richard’s transformation.

jBc = jωC = jYOtan(πΩ/4)= SY0 ----(4)

Thus the Richard’s transformation allows us to replace the lumped impedance with
short circuited stubs of characteristic impedance Z0 = L and capacitors with open
circuited stubs of characteristic impedance Z0 = 1/C

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UNIT ELEMENT CONCEPT

When converting lumped elements into

transmission line sections, there is a need to
separate the transmission line elements
spatially to achieve practically realizable
configuration. This is accomplished by
inserting so called unit elements (UEs)

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KURODA’S IDENTITIES

To facilitate the conversion between the

various transmission line realizations, Kuroda
has developed four identities
Here all inductances and capacitances are
represented by their equivalent Richard’s
transformation

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TABLE – KURODA’S IDENTITIES

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where n = 1+Z2/Z1
 SIMPLE EXPLANATION
a) Assuming lossless TX line

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b) ƛ0/2 SHORT CIRCUITED
TRANSMISSION LINE

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Normal Resonator Vs TX line Resonator

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 EXISTING APPLICATIONS

The non destructive, miniaturized, microwave

microstrip ring resonator for moisture sensing
application in papers.
A miniaturized, non destructive sensor
employing a microwave microstrip resonator
for estimating the moisture content of a single
wheat grain.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Loss Considerations for Microstrip
Resonators – IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques
23(6):522-526 July 1999
The influence of radiation losses on the Q
factor of microstrip resonators is given for
variety of frequencies, characteristic
impedances, substrate materials and thickness.
Radiation becomes a dominant factor at higher
frequencies, especially for low impedance
lines and thick substrates with a low dielectric
constant.
Design and implementation of resonators
using transmission lines – Wasan Hashim
Jacob, University of Babylon,College of
Engineering/No.2/Vol(22):2014
Microstrip resonators can be implemented with
transmission lines. The aim of this paper is to
develop a set of transmission line resonators to
do practical work with.The characteristic
impedance and how easy it is to incise precise
lengths are two important characteristics of
transmission lines;thus they are used to
investigate which transmission lines are used to
implement resonators.
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 Intrinsic limits on the Q factor and
intermodulation of low power high temperature
superconducting microstrip resonators –
Journal of Applied Physics, J.R. Schrieffer ,
Florida State University, Tallahasse,Florida
32306 ( Received 11 May 1998, Accepted for
publication 18 August 1998)
Cuprate superconducting thin films are being used to
make compact low power microwave devices. In
recent years, with improved materials and designs,
there has been steady improvement in device
performance, notably an increase in resonator Q and a
decrease in nonlinear intermodulation.
Microstrip Triangular Loop Resonator Duplexer
, International Journal of Computer and
Communication Engineering, Vol 2,No.4,July
2013, A.Chinig,J.Zbitou,A,Errkik,H.Bennis and
M.Latrach
A newmicrostrip duplexer technology is presented for
Digital Communication System(DCS) at 1.8GHz. A
new approach for the design and the conception of
the compact planar duplexer in microstrip technology
is proposed.The suggested duplexer is based on two
bandpass filters(BPFs) using coupled microstrip
triangular loop resonators.
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PROPOSED MODEL – Original resonator

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PROPOSED MODEL CONT..

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Transmission line Resonator

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CONCLUSION

The compact structure , straightforward

implementation of additional circuit elements
and control lines in the close vicinity to the
resonator and wider bandwidth of the microstrip
makes us choose microstrip resonators over
conventional resonators these days.With proper
implementation , microstrip resonators can
promisingly serve good in the field of
electronics. 20
 REFERENCES
1) Design and implementation of resonators using transmission lines – Wasan Hashim Jacob,
University of Babylon,College of Engineering/No.2/Vol(22):2014

2) Microstrip Triangular Loop Resonator Duplexer , International Journal of Computer and

Communication Engineering, Vol 2,No.4,July 2013, A.Chinig,J.Zbitou,A,Errkik,H.Bennis and
M.Latrach

3) Intrinsic limits on the Q factor and intermodulation of low power high temperature
superconducting microstrip resonators – Journal of Applied Physics, J.R. Schrieffer, Florida
State University, Tallahasse,Florida 32306 ( Received 11 May 1998, Accepted for publication
18 August 1998)

4) Loss Considerations for Microstrip Resonators – IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques 23(6):522-526 July 1999

5) Transmission line resonators , S.R.Zinka , School of Electronics Engineering,Vellore Institute

of Technology, April 29,2013

6) RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications , Reinhold Ludwig and Gene Bogdanov,Second
21
edition, 2011, published by Pearson Education