HYPOTHESIS

ACCORDING TO FORM
NULL
ALTERNATIVE
NULL HYPOTHESES

• INDICATES NO RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN AND AMONG
VARIABLES
EX: THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE
EFFECT OF PRIVATE TUTORING IN
THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

• INDICATES SIGNIFACANT
RELATIONSHIP
EX: PRIVATE TUTORING
SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTS
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE
STUDENTS AVAILING IT
EXAMPLE 2
Objective:
The respondents interested in whether the order of the questions in a multiple
choice test effect the number of items answered correctly
Method: Empirical Testing
The researcher makes three forms of test
Easy to difficult
Difficult to easy
No arrangement (mixed)
The three forms of test were given to 60 students, with each students getting only form of test (20 students taking each form of
test) the researcher then compares the scores of the students taking the three forms of test.

Answer:
Null: there is no significant difference in the test scores of the students when group according to test
form taken
Alternative: there is significant difference in the test scores of the students when group according to
test form taken
Research Design
Involves the collection of data
Qualitative Research
aimed at studying phenomena in its natural
setting. It focuses capturing data from the
source by observation or
interview
Quantitative Research
Established relationship and to develop
generalization from the relationship.
Generally more objective as data
collected undergo statistical Analysis
ex: the relationship between the order of the
test to the score of the students.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
CASUAL RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Descriptive Research
uses interview and questionnaires to gather
data about a group of people
ex: the attitude of the parents with “ no homework
policy” questionnaire may be distributed between grade 1
and grade 2 pupils

Correlational Research
looks into degree of association between variables.
ex: determine how absences affects the
performance of the students
Historical Research
use historical data to predict the behavior of the a
variable.
ex: sales over a period of six months
Can possibly use to predict the sales next period

Casual Research
Looks into the cause and effect relationship between variables
ex: as prices increase, the demand for soft drinks
decreases
Methods of Collecting Data
Interview- where data obtained through oral exchange
of questions and answers by the research and respondents. IT
may be done face-to-face.
Questionnaire methods- where data gather from
respondents in a set of questions provided by the researcher.
Questionnaire may be handed to the respondents in printed
form, or maybe sent through email or other form of
technology for a wider coverage.
Document Method-data previously gathered and
stored may be availed by the researcher.
Observation method-data is acquired on an actual
situation and recorded through the direct observation by the
researcher.
Experiment method-where data is gathered by the
researcher through the experimentation
DATA SOURCE

PRIMARY- collected directly from respondents through

interview, questionnaire , observation and experimentation

SECONDARY- second hand information gathered for a

specific purpose.
Researcher can gather secondary data from the website
of local and international agencies like:
NSO, BSP, NEDA, PSA
SAMPLE
small proportion of the population
Statistical treatment of data