REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN

CONCRETE

Under the guidance of PRESENTED BY

Dr.Anoop C K ANISH SUDHARSHAN
Asst HOD DANI GEORGE
RENS SIBY

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 INTRODUCTION

• Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly

construction material.
• It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
• In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding
material.
• Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution
are used as binders.

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 FIGURE 1-GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

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 WHY NOT OPC?

• It is the most consumed commodity in the world after

water.
• It is also the most energy intensive material
• Cement production leads to high carbon-dioxide emission.
- 1 ton of CO2 is produced for every 1 ton of cement.
-It is produced by calcination of limestone and burning of
fossil fuels

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 WHY GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE?

• Reduces the demand of OPC which leads CO2 emission.

• Utilise waste materials from industries such as fly ash,
silica-fume, GGBS.
• Protect water bodies from contamination due to fly ash
disposal.
• Conserve acres of land that would have been used for coal
combustion products disposal.
• Produce a more durable infrastructure.

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 CONSTITUENTS

• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate - sand or bottom ash can be used
• Admixture - superplasticizers(naphthalene based or
naphthalene sulphonate based)
• Alkaline activators
-Alkaline activation is a process of mixing powdery
aluminosilicate with an alkaline activator .
-It produce a paste which sets and hardens within short duration

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  Sodium hydroxide
- dissolved in water to form a semi-solid paste
-higher amount reduces ettringite
-makes crystalline product which is stable in aggressive
environment
 Potassium hydroxide
-improve porosity and compressive strength
 Sodium silicate(water glass)
-available in gel form
-for good pozzolanic reaction it is mixed with NaOH

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 FLY ASH
-fly ash used in concrete to increase life cycle expectancy
-helps in increasing durability
-improves permeability by lowering water-cement ratio
-spherical shape of fly ash improves consolidation of
concrete

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 SILICA FUME
-also called as micro silica or condensed silica fume
-produced during manufacture of silicon by electric arc
furnace
-another artificial pozzolan

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 TYPES OF GEOPOLYMER

 Slag based geopolymer

-Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide
- a transparent by-product material formed in the processing
of melting iron ore.
-OPC replacement with slag improve workability and reduce
lifecycle costs
-it also increase its compressive strength
-corex slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples

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  Rock based geopolymer
-MK-750 in the slag based geopolymer replaced by natural
rock forming minerals forms this geopolymer
-feldspar and quartz are natural rock forming minerals

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  Fly ash based geopolymer
- improves workability and increase compressive strength
-reduce cost of OPC along with CO2 emission
-reduce drying shrinkage
-class F fly ash used commonly
Alkali activated geopolymer: Heat curing at 60 to 80 οC
is done. Into 1:2 aluminosilicate gel fly ash particles are
embedded.
Slag based geopolymer:It contains silicate, blast
furnace slag and fly ash

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  Ferro-silicate based geopolymer
-same properties as that of rock based geopolymers
-has a red colour
-high iron oxide content
-poly type geopolymer formed by substituting some of the
aluminium atoms in the matrix

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 PROPERTIES
• Workability
-increase in NaOH and sodium silicate solution reduce flow
of mortar
-superplasticizer or extra water can be added to increase
workability
• Compressive strength
-it depends on curing time and temperature
-it increase with fly ash content
-it increase with fineness of fly ash
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 • Behaviour of geopolymer at elevated temperature
-high strength loss during early heating period(up to 200οC)
-beyond 600οC no further strength loss
-no visible cracks up to 600 οC
-minor cracks at 800 οC
-GPC with more compatability between aggregates and matrix
led to less strength loss
• Bond strength
-very high
-about one third of its compressive strength
-four times than that of OPC

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 APPLICATIONS
• PAVEMENTS
-light pavements can be cast using GPC
-no bleed water rise to the surface
-aliphatic alcohol based spray used to provide protection against
drying

FIGURE 5 – PLACING OF PAVEMENT USING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

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 • RETAINING WALL
-40MPa precast panels were used to build a retaining wall
-panels were 6m long and 2.4m wide
-these panels were cured under ambient condition

FIGURE 6 – PRECASTE GEOPOLYMER RETAINING WALLS FOR A PRIVATE RESIDENCE

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 ADVANTAGES
 high compressive strength
 high tensile strength
 low creep
 low drying shrinkage
 resistant to heat and cold
 chemically resistant
 highly durable
 fire proof

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 DISADVANTAGES

 difficult to create
-requires special handling
-chemicals like sodium hydroxide are harmful to humans
-high cost of alkaline solution
 Pre-mix only
-sold only as pre-mix or pre-caste material
 Geopolymerisation process is sensitive
-lacks uniformity

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 CONCLUSION

• Geopolymer concrete is a promising construction

material due to its low carbon dioxide emission
• High early strength, low creep and shrinkage, acid
resistance, fire resistance makes it better in usage than
OPC
• Wide spread applications in precast industries due to
-its high production in short duration
-less breakage during transportation
• Enhanced research along with acceptance required to
make it great advantage to the industry
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