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CS 515
Mobile and Wireless Networking
Ibrahim Korpeoglu
Computer Engineering Department
Bilkent University, Ankara
Reading Homework
Due Date: Next Wednesday
reflection
Reflected Wave
Scattering
Occurs when the radio channel contains objects whose sizes are on
the order of the wavelength or less of the propagating wave and also
when the number of obstacles are quite large.
They are produced by small objects, rough surfaces and other
irregularities on the channel
Follows same principles with diffraction
Causes the transmitter energy to be radiated in many directions
Lamp posts and street signs may cause scattering
transmitter R
Street
S
D
D
R: Reflection receiver
D: Diffraction Building Blocks
S: Scattering
-30
-40
-50
-60
This figure is just an illustration
to show the concept. It is not based on read
data.
-70
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
T-R Separation (meters)
What is dB (decibel):
A logarithmic unit that is used to describe a ratio.
Let say we have two values P1 and P2. The difference (ratio)
between them can be expressed in dB and is computed as
follows:
10 log (P1/P2) dB
Example: transmit power P1 = 100W,
received power P2 = 1 W
The difference is 10log(100/1) = 20dB.
Comparison of
two Sound Systems
A)
Pt(W) is 50W.
Pt(dBm) = 10log[Pt(mW)/1mW)]
Pt(dBm) = 10log(50x1000)
Pt(dBm) = 47 dBm
B)
Pt(dBW) = 10log[Pt(W)/1W)]
Pt(dBW) = 10log(50)
Pt(dBW) = 17 dBW
Pr(d) = Pr(d0)(d0/d)2
Substitute the values into the equation:
Pr(10km) = Pr(100m)(100m/10km)2
Pr(10km) = 0.0035mW(10-4)
Pr(10km) = 3.5x10-10W
Pr(10km) [dBm] = 10log(3.5x10-10W/1mW)
= 10log(3.5x10-7)
= -64.5dBm
Obstructed in building 4 to 6
Obstructed in factories 2 to 3
PL(d ) denotes the average large-scale path loss (in dB) at a distance d.
Xs is a zero-mean Gaussian (normal) distributed random variable (in dB)
with standard deviation s (also in dB).
PL(d 0 ) is usually computed assuming free space propagation model between
transmitter and d0 (or by measurement).
Equation 12 takes into account the shadowing affects due to cluttering on the
propagation path. It is used as the propagation model for log-normal shadowing
environments.
d
Pr (d )[ dBm ] Pt [dBm ] PL(d 0 )[ dB] 10n log( ) X s [dB]
d0
We would like to find a value of n that will minimize this MSE(n) value. We
We will call it MMSE: minimum mean square error.
(p i pˆ i )2 Equation 14.1
σ2 i 1
k
pi is the actual measured value of power at some distance d
pˆ i is the estimate of power at that distance d
k is the number of measuremen t samples
X i
[Equation 15]
m i 1
k
k
EXAMPLE:
Probability that Pr is
smaller than 3.3
(Prob(Pr <= 3.3))
is
given with value of
the stripped area under
the curve.
0.5
0.090123
[Equation 18]
( xm )2
1
Pr( X x0 ) x 0 s 2p e 2s 2
dx Equation 19
y2
x0 m 1
Pr( y
s
) m
x 0 s 2p
e 2
dy Equation 20
( )
s
y2
1
Q( z ) e 2
dy Equation 21
z s 2p
x0 m x0 m
Pr( y ) Q( ) Q( z ) Equation 22
s s
1 1 z2 / 2 1 z2 / 2
(1 2 ) e Q( z ) e Equation 23
z z 2p z 2p
For values greater than 3.0, both of these bounds closely approximate Q(z).
For values of z higher than 3.9, you should use the equations on the
previous slide to compute Q(z).
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
z (1 <= z <= 3.9
2 [Equation 26]
dx
x
erfc( z )
2
e
p z
[Equation 28]
erfc( z ) 1 erf ( z )
1 z 1 z
Q( z ) [1 erf ( )] erfc( ) [Equation 29]
2 2 2 2
erfc( z ) 2Q( 2 z ) [Equation 30]
g Pr (d )
Pr( Pr (d ) g ) Q( ) Equation 32
s
Probability that Pr(d) is below g is given by:
Pr (d ) g
Pr( Pr (d ) g ) Q( ) Equation 33
s
Pr(d) bar denotes the average (mean ) received power at d.
AREA(OBC ) p r r D
r D 2 2p 2 2
C 1 Dr 1
2
Dr
2
Dr DA r D r D
2 2 2 2
D Dr
2
Dr
2
O DA r r
2 2 2
D
DA [2rDr ] rDrD
2
Then we can integrate a function f(r) over the
surface area of the circle as follows :
F f (r )dA
2p R
F f (r )rdrd
0 0
O d0 r R
g Pr (d ) 1 1 g Pr (d )
P( Pr (d ) g ) Q( ) erf ( )
s 2 2 s 2
Then
R
1 1 r
U (g ) 2 erf (a b ln )rdr Equation 37
2 R 0 R
Substitute t = a+ blog(r/R)
1 1 ab
1 2 ab
b2
U (g ) 1 erf (a) e 1 erf ( ) Equation 38
2 b
1
1
2 1
U (g ) 1 e 1 erf ( )
b
2 b
The simplified formula above gives the percentage coverage assuming the
mean received power at the cell boundary (r=R) is g.
In other words, we are assuming: Prob(Pr(R) >= g) = 0.5
Propagation in microcells
B C
A
Breakpoint
C n=4
n=4~8 D
log (distance) log (distance)
Buiding types
Residential homes in suburban areas
Residential homes in urban areas
Traditional office buildings with fixed walls (hard
partitions)
Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (soft
partitions)
Factory buildings
Grocery stores
Retail stores
Sport arenas
Effect of Height
Penetration loss decreases with the height of the building up-
to some certain height
At lower heights, the urban clutter induces greater attenuation
and then it increases
Shadowing affects of adjascent buildings