¦É JÉc÷É ¤ªÉ ºÉ

®úɹ]ÅõMÉ è®ú´É

ÉÉ
No. of GSS= 24
No. of P.H.= 6
Installed =2866.3 MW
capacity

Total line length

3735 kms.

NO. 0f T/F = 160

POWER UTILITY FUNCTION
220 KV LINE

132/220
220 KV LINKAGE
KV T/F BUS TO GRID

132KV
BUS 132/11
KV T/F

132 KV D/C
TR. LINE

11KV
BUS

Generation Evacuation
 CT LA
BKR. Power
Transformer

Wave trap

SERIES

Parallel

BREAKER CT ISOLATOR CVT LA

 QUALITY POLICY
• System should be Reliable and Safe at
minimum cost
Reduce outages to minimum
Limit damage to minimum
Maintain System stability
• By adopting following measures
Preventive maintenance based on Condition
monitoring.
Effective protection system
 FAULT
• Abnormality requiring attention
otherwise will have repercussion.
OR
• Abnormal condition of any of the
three voltage or current vectors .
• Main electrical faults are :
 Single phase to ground fault.
 Two phase fault.
 Two phase to ground fault .
 Three phase fault.
 Ia1 Ia2 Iao Ibo Ico

Ic1 Ib1 Ic2 Ib2

a a2 a2 a

Ia = Ia1+Ia2+Iao = I1+I2+Io

Ib = Ib1+Ib2+Ibo = a2I1+aI2+Io

Ic = Ic1+Ic2+Ico = aI1+a2I2+Io
 TYPE OF FAULTS
V1=V- I1Z1 V2 = 0- I2Z2 V0 = 0- I0Z0
Va=0 Ib=Ic=0
I1=I2=I0 Ia=3I0

Vb=Vc Ia= Ib+Ic=0

I1+I2 = I0 = O

Vb=Vc=o
Ia= I1+I2+I0=0

Ia+Ib+Ic=0 I =I =0
2 0
Va=Vb=Vc
 EARTH WIRE

LINE

I1 = I2 = I0 = Ia/3
 EARTH WIRE

LINE

I1 = - I2 = Ib/√3 = -Ic/√3
EARTH WIRE

LINE

Ia = Ib= Ic
 EFFECTS OF FAULT
 Loss of system stability.
 Loss of life & property.
 Interruption of power supply.
 Ageing of equipments due to thermal &
dynamic stresses
 Rise in temperature.
 Earth Potential rise.
Voltage rise of healthy phase.
 Mechanical stress.
 PROTECTION SCHEME
 Fault sensing device .
OR
 comparator which operates when
measured value crosses the set
value.
 Protection extends tripping
command to circuit breaker for
isolating the fault .
PRIMARY PROTECTION

FUSE

BIMETALLIC STRIP
--
-

Rg
LCM-II Transinor
I3r = I3t – I3p
Z1=100*.4 * .6 *.8
=19.2 Ohms
220 * .577 KV
DC -
110 * .577 V

100 Kms.
SECONDARY Z1=Z2=40
Z0 =160

PROTECTION 1200/1A

DC +

2000 MVA=24.2 0hms

 RELAYS
 AS per stability criteria ,fault clearance
time should be about 90 ms for 400 KV
system.
 Keeping in view breaker operating time of
60 ms ,only about 30 ms are left for
protection relays.
 Protective arrangement for 400 KV system
is required to have
 Fast operating time
 No blind zone
 SYSTEM STABILITY
1.2
1
0.8

power
0.6
0.4
50 0.2
0
40
time in c/s

1 Ph. 0 50 100 150 200

fault
30 load angle

20 3Ph.
fault
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
load angle
 PROTECTION SYSTEM
Generator T/F Protection
protection 220 KV LINE

220 KV LINKAGE
BUS TO GRID
LBB

132KV
BUS 132/11
KV T/F
Line protection
132 KV D/C
TR. LINE

11KV
Bus Bar BUS
Protn.

Generation Evacuation
 GENERATOR PROTECTION
SYSTEM FAULT:
RESTRAINED O/C
T/F Neutral E/F
OVER LOAD PROT.
Field Failure Neg. Sequence current
GEN. DIFF.
Reverse
Power

INTER TURN
STATOR E /F

OVER ALL DIFF.

T/F INTERNAL PROT.:

Buchholz ,Wdg. Temp. , Oil
temp. & PRV trip/alarm
 TRASFORMER PROTECTION
Differential zone
Differential
element
400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 00
Yy0
HV REF ZONE LV REF ZONE

REF REF
HV LV
400/1 1200/1

BACK UP O/C & E/F

Over fluxing
Buchholz, WT, OT,
& PRV alarm / trip
 LINE PROTECTION Z3
Z2
Z1

X X X X
X X
Z1
Z3 Z2

X X X X
X X

A B C D
BUS FAULT
BUS BAR PROTECTION
BUS-1

BUS-2
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1

ZONE-2
+ -

N/O

N/O

N/C

Status of contacts corresponding to

DEenergised condition of RELAY is
NORMAL status of contacts
+ -

N/O

N/O

N/C

Status of contacts corresponding to

DEenergised condition of RELAY is
NORMAL status of contacts
CIRCUIT BREAKER

CLOSING
COIL TRIP
COIL

N/O
N/O

N/C
N/C
CIRCUIT BREAKER

CLOSING
COIL TRIP
COIL

N/O
N/O

N/C
N/C
1 29A
BE1 29B1
29AE C1
52

29B 29B2
2 29B
X-wire

52L 29AE
52L 29B
+ 29A -ve
29L 29AE LE
29L
LE C1 29B1
BE1
C2 29L
LE

C2
29AE
SEAL IN(SELF HOLD) OF RELAY

+ -

N/O

N/O

N/C
TRIP CKT. SUPERVISION
PROTECTION REQUIREMENT
 SPEED - Minimum damage / PSS
 RELIABILITY- must operate when required
 SECURITY– REFRAIN when not intended
 SELECTIVITY- Discrimination
 STABILITY –NO operation under through
fault/ heavy loading
 SENSITIVITY- Detection at incipient stage
 BACK UP FOR RELAY FAILURE .
 BACK UP FOR C.B. FAILURE.
 NO BLIND SPOT
 RELIABILITY / SECURITY
MORE – R LESS – R MORE – R
LESS - S MORE – S MORE - S
LINE PROT. BBP & LBB
 VITAL LINKS OF PROT.SYSTEM

CT / CVT
D.C. SUPPLY
CIRCUIT BREAKER
RELAY
COMMUNICATION
Control wiring
 LOCATION OF CT

DP

DP
BBP BBP
Blind
Zone

DP
BBP BBP

DP
 Broader Classification
• MAGNITUDE RELAY
 Current/voltage relays i.e. Attracted armature,
Induction disc type
• RATIO RELAY
 Impedance i.e. Balanced beam type
• DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
 % biased, REF, BBP
• DIRECTIONAL RELAY
 Mho / reactance , Directional O/C i.e. induction
cup type
 GENERAL RELAY EQUATION
Torque= K1I2 – K2V2 + V I cos($ - #) – K3
Current relay : ζ = K1I2 – K3
I = constant
Impedance relay: ζ = K1I2 – K2V2 – K3
Z = constant
Direction relay: ζ = V I cos($ - #) – K3
MHO relay: ζ = – K2V2 + V I cos($ - #) – K3
Z = ZR cos($ - #)
Reactance relay: ζ= K1I2 – VI cos($ - #) –K3
ZR = Z cos(900- #) = Z sin # = X
 DIRECTION IMPEDANCE
Op.

#
$

MHO REACTANCE

$
 Relays requiring SINGLE quantity for operation

INPUT RECTIFIER LEVEL TIMER LEVEL AMPLIFIER OUTPUT

UNIT DETECTOR DETECTOR UNIT

1 Electrical quantity
0 8 5 flowing through coil
wound on magnetic
core produces
mechanical
force/torque.

Induction disc Attracted armature

Relays requiring DOUBLE quantity for operation

INPUT UNIT RECTIFIER AMPLITUDE LEVEL AMPLIFIER OUTPUT

- COMPARATOR DETECTOR UNIT

Ampli
-tude
IAI

PHASE
COMPARATOR

Phase
Relays requiring DOUBLE quantity for operation

AMPLITUDE
Balanced Beam COMPARATOR
v I

PHASE
I COMPARATOR

Induction cup unit

 Based on technology
• Electromechanical : MM3V, MR3V, RR3V,
SSRR3V, L3WYS etc.
• Static : MM3T, MICROMHO, QUADRAMHO,
PYTS, RAZFE, LZ-92,LZ-96 ,RAZOA etc.
• Digital : OPTIMHO etc.
• Numerical : EPAC, LFZR, MICOM P-442, P-437 ,
P-430, REL-511 etc.
 Delicate, slim but
complicate! Eat less,
being steady !
Accurate but erratic
behaviour

I am cute with state of art

tech.! Super intelligent &
accurate! communicates &
comply instructions
 Electromechanical
• In electromechanical relays, electrical quantity flowing
through coil wound on magnetic core produces
mechanical force/torque. These relay are rugged and
provide galvanic insulation in simple & reliable form. The
relays may be grouped according to their
construction/principle of operation as attracted armature,
induction disc induction cup, moving coil & polarized etc.,
but most extensively used relay are attracted armature,
induction cup & induction disc type.
• Electromechanical relays are very old and have become
obsolete due to passing of years, continuous wear & tear
and obsoleteness of technology. These relays have gone
out of production and no manufacturer is coming out for
their repair/spares. At present these relays are being
repaired using available spares in the store or using
components of the scheme rendered surplus for the
purpose by replacement with the latest numerical
protection.
 ELECTROMECHANICAL
ATTRACTED ARMATURE

TMS
1
0 8 5

.5 .75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 PS

I
INDUCTION DISC RELAY

INDUCTION CUP RElAY

 Static Relay
• The era of static relays started with coming of silicon
diodes into use and initially used as simple amplitude
comparator in differential relay. Gradually all types of
protections were produced with use of discrete
components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, integrated logic circuits all hard wired in
printed circuits. In static relays analogue signals are
processed and used in measuring element (i.e.
amplitude comparator or phase comparator) which is
an analogue to binary signal converter. The final
output through level detector is translated into contact
out put by auxiliary relay.
• Most of the static relays are of modular type. Faulty
module identified through site testing is replaced with
spare module available in store and faulty module is
got repaired.
 STATIC RELAY

MODULE/PCB

The advantages of static relay over the electromagnetic

version are in respect of low burden, no mechanical inertia ,
low maintenance due to less/ no moving parts, fast
operation, shaped characteristic, various scheme options,
small size etc.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
 Digital / Numerical
• Digital: The first generation processor based line
protection relays employed analog and digital technique in
varying degrees due to slow speed of processors and the
relays accordingly were classified as static & digital relays.
• Limited processing capacity & memory of processor
restrict sampling rate. Varying degree of analogue and
digital technique.
• Numerical: In the recent past, there has been
considerable development in the protection technology
with the use of high speed microprocessors for processing
& logic control in the protection scheme. In these relays
IED for analogue to digital converter (A/D)is immediately
following current & voltage transformers and makes the
relay fully numerical.
• With the downward prices trend of digital hardware the
numerical relays have become economical choice even for
developing nations.
NUMERICAL RELAY

CPU
 NUMERICAL RELAY

Digital input Analogue I/O

Analogue input

CPU Carrier board for A&D ,I&O Ch.

Digital O/P
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

+ START
RL
-

STOP
STATIC CIRCUITORY
+
RL

STOP START
_
 NUMERICAL RELAY
STOP

RL

START
 Based on COMPARATOR
• AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR

• PHASE COMPARATOR
AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR
ATTRACTED ARMATURE RELAY
measuring element, flag indicators,
monitoring & supervision, tripping,
annunciation, auxiliary and logic functions

F = B2 A / 8 π
A

B
F

Armature travel
 TRIP
K1I2=S+K2d/t= K1I02+K2d/t COMMAND
t=K2d/I2 -I02 5000
ms.

10 TMS
8 5

4A +ve - ve

PS
.5 .75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
 AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR
Z

Balanced beam

Impedance

V I
 AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR
Compares the magnitude of two or more input quantities
i.e. output can be IAI – IBI or IAI / IBI
Circulating current protection
Inputs – Current entering &
Operating Restraining current leaving protected zone
input-A input -B Impedance relay
Inputs- CT current & PT voltage
Biased differntial relay
Inputs – Differential & biased
current

-- Permanent
moving coil relay
--Sensitive
polarised relay
--Static integrator

Full wave Full wave Smoothing

rectifier bridge-1 rectifier bridge-2 circuit
AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR as Directional Relay
CT I

PT

Directional
Relay
Io Ir
operates
when Io > Ir -- Permanent
moving coil
relay
--Sensitive
polarised relay
--Static
integrator

Full wave rectifier Full wave rectifier Smoothing

bridge-1 bridge-2 circuit
PHASE COMPARATOR
Phase comparator as Impedance relay
Angle between IZ-V & IZ+V < 900
PHASE
COMPARATOR For OPERATION

Phase

IZ+V
V+IZ
V+IZ
IZ-V

IZ
IZ-V
IZ-V
IZ
V
V
V

Non directional, Susceptible to fault

resistance , PSB & heavy loading
 Reactance Relay
PHASE
COMPARATOR <i + <ii Less than 1800 FOR OPERATION
Phase

<i + <ii = 1800 <i + <ii < 1800 <i+ <ii > 1800

IZr-V
IZr-V IZr-V

IZr V IZr IZr V

Xr Xr Xr
V
 PHASE COMPARATOR
as MHO RELAY -
K1

30A
Z

MHO MEASURING
ELEMENT +

K2
 Mark /space
ratio < 1
V V

IC1 TRIP
Mark /space
ratio > 1

. IC3

Coincidence LEVEL
DETECTOR INTEGRATOR
DETECTOR
IC2

V–IZ

Phase comparator as MHO Relay

 TRASMISSION LINES OF BBMB
400KV Transmission Lines (2)
Dehar-Panipat S/C
Dehar-Bhiwani S/C
220KV Transmission Lines (31)
Dehar-MISS Ganguwal D/C
Bhakra Left-MISS Ganguwal D/C
Bhakra Left- MISS Ganguwal S/C
Bhakra Right- MISS Ganguwal D/C
Bhakra Right – Jamalpur D/C
MISS Ganguwal-Jagadhri S/C
MISS Ganguwal-Dhulkote D/C
MISS Ganguwal-Jamalpur D/C
Pong – Jalandhar D/C
Pong – Dasuya D/C
Dasuya-Jalandhar D/C
Jalandhar-Jamalpur D/C
Jamalpur-Sangrur D/C
Sangrur-Hissar D/C
Sangrur-Barnala S/C
Barnala-Lehra Mohabbat S/C
Lehra Mohabbat-Bathinda S/C
Hissar-Bhiwani D/C
Bhiwani – Dadri D/C(2 NOs.)
Dadri-Samaypur S/C
Dadri-Ballabgarh S/C
Dadri-Panipat S/C
Ballabgarh – Samaypur D/C
Ballabgarh - Samaypur S/C
Ballabgarh – B.T.P.S. D/C
Dhulkote-Panipat D/C
Panipat- Narela D/C
Panipat-Narela S/C
Jagadhri-Kurukshetra S/C
Kurukshetra-Panipat S/C
Narela – Rohtak Road D/C
132 KV Transmission Line(1)
Ganguwal P.H.-Kotla P. H. D/C
66 KV Transmission Lines (3)
Bhakra Left- NFL D/C
Bhakra left – NFL (via PSEB NGL) S/C
Dhulkote-Chandigarh D/C
 CURRENT RATING OF ACSR CONDUCTORS CORRESPONDING TO MAX.
CONDUCTOR TEMPRATURE OF 67 0C & WIND SPEED 0.61 M/SEC

Temp./ Current carrying capacity

Maximum load should normally be limited to 70% of the values indicated

1200
1000
Morkulla
800 Moose
Current

Zebra
600 Goat
Panther
400 Wolf
Dog
200
0
0 10 15 20 30 40 50 60
Ambient Temp
CURRENT RATING OF ACSR CONDUCTORS CORRESPONDING TO MAX.
CONDUCTOR TEMPRATURE OF 67 0C & WIND SPEED 0.61 M/SEC

TYPE 0F SIZE
CAPACITY IN AMPERE (at ambient temp. in 0 C )
CONDUCTOR IN
Sq.
inch
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

MORKULLA 0.5 1089 1025 955 880 800 707 600 475

MOOSE 0.5 1050 987 925 855 775 687 587 455

ZEBRA 0.4 925 875 813 755 687 605 518 413

GOAT 0.3 806 763 713 656 587 528 463 363

PANTHER 0.2 613 575 537 500 463 413 350 287

WOLF 0.15 500 475 450 413 375 337 287 237

DOG 0.1 363 350 325 300 275 250 213 175
 RELAY INDICATIONS
TYPE MM3V MR3V MM1T RR3V MICRO L3WYS LZ- LZ- SSRR3V RAZO EPAC MICOM BACK UP
OF MM3V MHO / L3S 96 92 MHO A P-442/ IDMT HIGH
FAULT new STAR P430 SET
TER

PHASE-PHASE
R-Y 30A 30(A-B) A-B 30A A,B R,S R,S,D R,S A,B R,S S,AB A,B 51A 50A
Y-B 30B 30(B-C) B-C 30B B,C S,T S,T,D S,T B,C S,T S,BC B,C 51C 50C
B-R 30C 30(C-A) C-A 30C C,A T,R T,R,D R,T C,A T,R S,CA C,A 51A,51C 50A,
50C

PHASE -EARTH
R-E 30D 30A A-N 30D A,N R,E R,D R,E A R,N S,A,N A,N 51A, 50A,
51N 50N
Y-E 30E 30B B-N 30E B,N S,E S,D S,E B S,N S,B,N B,N 51N 50N
B-E 30F 30C C-N 30F C,N T,E T,D T,E B T,N S,C,N C,N 51C, 50C,
51N 51N

THREE PHASE FAULT

30A, 30(A-B) A-B 30A,30 A,B,C R,S,T R,S,T R,S,T R,S,T A,B,C A,B,C 51A,51C 50A,
30B,30C 30(B-C) B-C B30C 50C
30(C-A) C-A
ZONE-I 30G 30G 30A 30G Z1 PSW - - 86X1 - Z1 Z1
IN
SECTION
FAULT
ZONE-II 30G, 30G, - 30G, Z2 PS-II 2 T2 Z-2 2 Z2 Z2
30H 30H 30H

ZONE- 30G, 30G,30J Z3, Z3F 30G, Z3 PS-III 3 T2 Z-3 3 Z3 Z3

III 30J 30J
Z1 Z1

Rg
Z1 T2

Z2

Rg
 ---

T2 Z1
Z2

Rg
Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1
EARTH WIRE

LINE
 Philosophy
 Even with single component failure fault clearance
time should not exceed 100 ms.
 MAIN -1 PROTECTION
Non Switched Distance Protection Scheme .
 MAIN - 2 PROTECTION
• Preferably Scheme working on principle other than
distance i.e. phase comparison or differential
principal.
• If distance protection is to be provided ,it should
work on different algorithm or of different make.
 MICOM P-442 and MICOM P437 of ALSTOM
 MICOM P-442 of ALSTOM and REL-511 of ABB
 BACK UP PROTECTION
• Directional IDMT with 2 O/C & 1 E/F
 GRID DISTURBANCE ON 6.07.05 at 01:23 Hrs.
1
RIHAND

L 137 57

AGRA
HV DC
815
B 194 kms.

33 kms.
B
Ballabgarh

133
Z3- 50 ohms Moradabad
= 117 Kms.
53
At 02:30:50:684 Hrs.
Muradnagar end breaker
Mandola

opened manually which

bursted
CONTINGENCIES LED TO
46
SUSTAINED FAULT FEEDING
FOR 57 MINTUES
1.Failure of Muradnagar end
Malerkotla 310 breaker of Murad.-Agra line

112
2.Failure of extension of LBB
Panipat
command to Dadri line bkr.
And failure of direct trip for
840 Th 182 remote
MW
3.Non provision of Back up
RISHIKESH prot. At Dadri end and fault
830 G was beyond Z3 set reach of
395
MW
D.P. scheme
PANKI

MURADNAGAR
DADRI
Setting of back up protection

o/c&
E/F
PS and TMS should be
such that Op. Time >
zone-3 time for almost
bus fault
 14

12 IDMT O/C & E/F

10

8
TIME

4
TMS =10
10
2
5
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25
PSM
H.S.=60A
 Distance Protection
• Over current protection is based on
measurement of fault current only which is;
 susceptible to source impedance & arc
resistance
 Slow & no effective grading
• In distance protection Fault coverage is based
on measurement of Impedance or Reactance
of protected line from relay location to fault
point which is:
 Virtually independent of source impedance
 Fast in operation
 Compatible to signalling channel
 Non unit protection
 Distance Protection
• SWITCHED / NON SWITCHED
• SEQUENCE
Fault detection / Phase selection / Starter /
check
Direction decision
Measurement / Zone decision
• TRIP decision
Check + Direction+ Measurement = TRIP
 Switched / nonswitched
• SWITCHED SCHEME :
Single element : SSRR3V, L3WYS, RAZOA
Four elements : LZ96
Single loop : PD-520, MICOM-430
• NON SWITCHED SCHEME:
6 elements : MR3V, MM3V,RR3V,MM3T
12 elements : LZ96,MM3T
18 elements : Micro mho, Quadra mho
Six loops : EPAC,LFZR,MICOM-442/437
 SWITCHED SINGLE MEASURING
ELEMENT

V V
Phase
I selector I

NON SWITCHED
V Phase
SIX or MORE
MEASURING ELEMENTS

I selector
V
I
 STARTER / FAULT DETECTOR
• Provides check for TRIP logic
• To switch measuring element
• Changing distance steps
• Selection of correct phase for A/R
• To prepare carrier equipment
• Back up to measuring
 TYPES OF STARTER
• U/V & O/C
• Under impedance
• MHO
• O/C for Ph-Ph & Residual current for E/F
• V & I
• Negative phase sequence current
• Current and voltage level detectors
U/V & O/C IMPEDANCE

MHO OFF SET MHO

 MEASURING ELEMENTS
• SWITCHED SCHEME :
Single element : SSRR3V, L3WYS, RAZOA
Four elements : LZ96
Single loop : PD-520, MICOM-430
• NON SWITCHED SCHEME:
Six elements : MR3V, MM3V,RR3V,MM3T
12 elements : LZ96,MM3T
18 elements : Micro mho, Quadra mho
Six loops : EPAC,LFZR,MICOM-442
 MHO REACTANCE

QUADRILATERAL OFF SET MHO

X3 ZONE-3

ZONE-2

ZONE-1

R3
ZONE-4
X4
 Zk Rb
SHAPED
QUADRILATERAL

b
a

BLINDER
MHO with
LENTICULAR Blinder
 DIRECTION Decision
i) Angle between V & I ZR

between -350 t0 1450

Z = ZR cos( 650 - $)
650
R

F
ii) V I = Negative
R

X
 POLARISATION
• NEED : correct direction for close up faults
& CVT transient error, fast operation and
expansion of resistive reach
• TYPES
Self polarisation
Cross polarisation (full/partial)
Memory polarisation
TRIP logic for measuring elements
A-N ,B-N ,C-N ,A-B ,B-C ,C-A
Z1

Z2 T2
OR
0 & Trip

T3
Check
Z3
0
Z1=100*.4 * .6 *.8
=19.2 Ohms
220 * .577 KV
DC -
S=A , T = A ,B,C, Z1 110 * .577 V
D= 50.4 kms
Va=39.5V, Vb=64.3,VC=62 100 Kms.
Ia =IN =1.65A, Ib=Ic=0 Z1=Z2=40
Z0 =160

1200/1A

DC +

2000 MVA=24.2 0hms

 + _
TTB MM3V
starter Y3
27 Y3A AX

2
Measuring E/F
element 64
Y2A 86 Y3BX Y3CX
AX

Y1X
30A
Y1X
86AX
30G Zone-1

2-1
Zone-2
30H
2-2 Zone-3
30J
 Mark /space
ratio < 1
V V

IC1 TRIP
Mark /space
ratio > 1

. IC3

Coincidence LEVEL
DETECTOR INTEGRATOR
DETECTOR
IC2

V–IZ

Phase comparator as MHO Relay

LOGIC=BA1,AB,B1A,A1B1 A lags B for TRIP

B = V - 900

B.A1 B1.A
A.B A1.B1
B.A1 TRIP
B
CONDITION

A = V- IZ
 Present Software
Default
settings executn.
set./para
Al/E/F/m
record Battery
backed
EEPROM SRAM Flash P442
EPROM
SRAM
Main & co boards
FRONT LCD CPU comm.
RS232 CPU
PARALLEL PORT
MMI
FPGA SRAM
Main Processor Board

Thresholds used by
IRIG-B protection functions
SIGNAL Processing of
IRIG-B
distance algorithm
CPU
OFC REAR
COMM. PORT Coprocessor Board

Output Relay Board(2)

relay (21) Parallel data bus
contacts ADC
24 smp. /c

Input Board

Power supply Board Transformer Board

Opto inputs(2)

Watch dog V I
D.C. contact RS485 Digital inputs(16)
Analogue inputs(8)
 G(t)
G(t-2T) G(t-T)

Gp(t) = 2G(t-T) – G(t-2T) U or I = G(t) – Gp(t)

Fault Confirmation :
ΔU >0.1Vn or Δ I > 0.2In Phase

Phase Selection :
TRIP Fault
selection
x
Direction
x
confirmation
Sa,Sb,Sc,Sab,Sbc,Sca are derivative of X3 ZONE-3
transition values of currents x
x
Sbc<Sca<Sab , Sbc<<Sca , Sc<Sb<Sa- A x ZONE-2
Sbc<Sca<Sab , Sbc=Sca , Sc<Sb<Sa -AB x
ZONE-1
Start
Fault Direction : X
convergence
ΔV * Δ I < 0 Forward direction R3
ZONE-4
X4
 Why ! Numerical relays only
• NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES
Reduced size , reduced wiring, low cost, low burden.
Data processing, double algorithm, multi group settings,
programmable logics, accuracy & speed etc.
Fault location, disturbance & event recording, breaker
condition monitoring and fault recording.
Additional protection functions of IDMT/DTOC, DEF, negative
sequence current, under and over voltage/frequency, CB fail,
broken conductor, CT supervision, loss of load, built in auto
reclosure with synchro check , trip circuit supervision etc.
Measurement of analogue values, digital I/O and logic status.
Local communication through MMI, RS-232 & 485, remote
communication through RS-485, supervisory & control
functions for automation. RTU function and synchronization.
Self diagnostic feature.
 Why ! Numerical relays only
The era of protective relays began with electromechanical
relays consist of number of moving parts requiring huge
maintenance. The development of semi conductor devices
gave birth to second generation static relays having very
less moving parts thus demanding lesser maintenance.
The introduction of high speed microprocessor in protection
technology has brought revolution through self supervising
numerical relays because these are highly informative and
communicative with numerous features, provide better
availability & options than electromechanical and static
relays and require almost no maintenance. The numerical
relays will bring complete automation in the system.
 Why ! Numerical relays only
In view of down ward trend in the prices of
numerical relays, its numerous advantages
(i.e. mainly fault location, fault recording,
disturbance recording, remote access for
automation & self monitoring, speed,
accuracy, multi options), higher availability
and compact size, the introduction of
numerical relays in the system is growing
exponentially.
 Disturbance Recording And Fault Location Equipment:
Under this section, CBIP manual recommends as below:-
Disturbance Recorders:
Disturbance recorders shall be microprocessor based and shall be used to record
also the graphic form of instantaneous values of voltage and current in all three
phases, open delta voltage and neutral current, open or closed positions of relay
contacts and breaker during the system disturbances.
Disturbance recorders are recommended for all the 400 KV lines. At 220 KV level
also they are recommended for all interconnecting lines. In other cases utilities
may decide depending on their need.
The CBPI Manual further recommended that all the disturbance recorders in the
station are synchronized with GPS.
Fault Locators:
Distance to fault locator is recommended to be provided as a standard for all 400 KV
and 220 KV lines on both ends. However, for short lines of length up to 20 KMs, fault
locator can be provided at one end only.
Event Loggers:
The Event logger is used to record the state of Switchyard equipment and relays and
occurrences of alarms. In case all required events can be accommodated in the in-
built disturbance recorder then no separate event logging equipment is
recommended. However if the disturbance recorder and event loggers falls short
than the required one then external to the relays may be provided.
CEA guide lines further recommend the protection for the
transmission lines of the various voltages as under:-
Disturbance Recording And Monitoring:
Unique and unanticipated protection problems can result from the changed system
configuration due to interconnection with the Project. CTU/STU may, at its
discretion, install monitoring equipment to identify possible protection
scheme problems and to provide power quality measurements of the new
configuration. If monitoring or relay performance indicates inadequate
protection of the CTU/STU system, the owner of the Project will be notified of
additional protection requirements. The monitor provides information similar to
that of an oscillograph or fault recorder. The availability of current and voltage
measurements determines the number of channels for the device. Monitoring
equipment is also installed to aid in the understanding of the electrical
phenomena, such as over voltages and ferroresonance that can be associated
with these projects. Remote access to monitor quantities is often accomplished
using the Revenue Metering System (RMS) communication equipment.
 Availability Calculation
Electromechanical Failure rate = 2% p.a. A = Uptime * 100
& Static relays Uptime + Mean down time
Test cycle = 1 Year
= 99 years * 100
99Years + 1 Year

= 99 %

Numerical relays Failure rate= 2 %p.a. 100 years

100 Years + 6 days
Test cycle = 1 Year
= 99.9%
Repair time = 3days
UNDER FREQUENY TRIP
UNDER
FREQUENCY
TRIP
df/dt tripping
df/dt TRIP
Programmable logic control
CC

GPS

IEC-61850
S/S LAN

PROT. PROT.
PROT.
CTRL. CTRL.

Process bus
 600/1
.588 1200/1
1200/1
353A 353
.294
642 642A
.535
289
1/.577 .535
.535A
.241 0 1/.577
.535
REF
.309
350 353 359
.588 .535
642 369 376
.588 .351 A .535
.309
.588 .351A .535
.309

Diff. Relay
 MASUREMENT
MHO REACTANCE QUADRILATERAL
Directional Non directional Directional
medium short line short & medium
underreach overreach No prefault load oR/UR

Ra = 28710 * L / If 1.4
L=6.7 M , If =2KA Ra= 5 ohms
L=8M , If =1KA Ra=14.5 ohms
TRIPPING OF 220 KV DHULKOTE-PANIPAT –I ON 06.03.06

MICRO MHO MR3V

X2
Z2

Z1 X1

FAULT LOCATION :
LENGTH = 124 KMS.
10.05 + j 11.16 Z1= 2.82 + j11.30
Z2 = 4.5 + j 18.07
18.63 / 760
66KV DKT-CHD – 1 , LENGTH=45 KMS.
X3 ZONE-3
X1=8.24 , R1= 5

ZONE-2

ZONE-1

R3
ZONE-4
X4
0.47+ j 5.3

66KV DKT-CHD - 2 X3 ZONE-3

ZONE-2

ZONE-1

R3
ZONE-4
X4
6.34+ j1.46
 RECOMMENDATIONS OF CBIP
Protection Of Transmission Lines:
(CBIP publication manual No. 274 on protection )
i) 400 KV lines :
For 400 KV lines, CBIP Manual has recommended the provision of Main-1, Main-II
and 3rd back up protection in the form of directional earth fault Inverse Definite
Minimum Time (IDMT). 2 stages over voltage protection with provision of 1st stage
as alarm and the 2nd stage for tripping. Single / Three phase auto-reclose has also
been recommended. It has also been mentioned that Main I & Main II both should
be non-switched and the Distance Protection Schemes should have minimum 3
zones. Main I and Main II should preferably be of different types. However, they
may not be of different make.
ii) 220 KV lines:
For 220 KV lines, 2 different protections Main I & Main II with provision of auto-
reclose, suitable for single phase and three phase auto-reclose and the 3rd back up
protection as directional IDMT earth fault relay has been recommended. Main I
have been recommended to be non-switched and it is optional for the utility to
choose Main II as non-switched or switched.
CEA guide lines further recommend the protection for the
transmission lines of the various voltages as under:-
220 KV
Two independent sets of directional line protection shall be installed at each line
terminal to trip the line terminal breakers.
A pilot communication scheme may be required. A scheme common to both relay
sets is acceptable.
Total fault clearing time with a pilot scheme must not be more than four
cycles, including relay and breaker time.
Pilot scheme must be compatible with existing CTU/STU equipment.
Relays shall provide back up protection for loss of communication channel.
BFR protection at the requester’s facilities is required. It must not have more than
eight cycle pickup delay for backup tripping. Total time for BFR scheme fault
clearing must not exceed 14 cycles.
Automatic reclosing for SL-G faults shall be no faster than 35 cycles and no slower
than 60 cycles.
Automatic reclosing is not allowed for multiphase faults.
 LINE PROT. TYPES IN BBMB
MM3V MR3V RR3V SSRR3V L3WYS Total
E /Mech.
42 33 8 43 9 135
P40 P10 MM1T MM3T M.MHO Q.MHO OP.MHO PYTS
4 19 13 8 24 8 1 6

LZ96 LZ92 RAZFE RAZOA RYZFB

Static 148
8 25 1 13 2

THR MDT45 MDT42A RUSSIAN (PH.)

2 4 4 6

P442 P430 EPAC LFZR REL 83

Numeric 41 22 17 2 1

TOTAL 366
 Basis of operation for Line Protection
Both end breakers Only of faulty line should open in zone-1 time

X X X X
X X

S1
S2

X X X X
X X

A B C D
 DIRECTION & REACH
• DIRECTION
 Both schemes look towards Bus
Both schemes look towards Line
• ZONE-1 REACH
 More than the section
Less than the section
 100% of the section
 REACH < 100%

ERRORS –
• CT/CVT error
• Line data error
• measuring error
MARGIN – 15-20%
 REACH
Zone-2
Zone-1

A B
Zone-1
Zone-2
 Setting Criterion
 SAFETY MARGIN – 15%
• CT/CVT error
• Line data error
• measuring error
 ZONE-1 : cover max. portion of first section
without crossing Bus at remote end.
 ZONE-2 : DO not overlap with zone-2 of any
relay at next S/S but ensure coverage of first
section.
ZONE-3 : Cover max. portion of next
longest section without crossing TRF. at
next S/S.
 ZONE SETTING
ZONE- 1 : 80 - 85 % OF FIRST SECTION

ZONE- 2 : 85% ( FIRST SECTION +85% of

NEXT SHORTEST SECTION)
But not less than
115% OF FIRST SECTION
ZONE- 3 : 115%(first section+next longest)
But less than
85%(first section+ trf. impedance)
 Z1=0.85 Zab
Z2=0.85(Zab+0.85Zbc)
Z3=0.85(Zab+0.85(Zbc+0.85Zcd)

A B C D
 line Parameters
Line Parameters are in p.u. on 100 MVA base

Z1 = z2 = 0.0245 + j 0.1354 B/2 = 0.107

ZO = 0.0976 + j 0.418 Line length = 158
Kms.

Z 0hm = Z p.u. * KV2 / MVA = Zp.u. * 2202 / 100

Z1 = 11.858 + j 65.533 ohms
Z0 = 47.23 + j 202.312 ohms
1/Xc = B p.u * MVA/KV2 = 0.214 * 100/2202 =.000442 mho
Ic = .000442 * 220,000 = 97.24 A
Parameters in p.u./km on 100 MVA base
Z1 = z2 = 0.000155 + j 0.000857
ZO = 0.000617 + j 0.002645
Z0hm = zp.u. * KV2 / MVA = zp.u. * 2202 / 100
Z1 = 0.07502 + j 0.415 ohms/km.
Z0 = 0.29899 + j 1.280 ohms/km.
Zsec = zpr * CTR / PTR = zpr * 1200 / 2000
Z1 sec = 0.045 + j 0.249 = 0.253 ∟79.8 0
Z0 sec = 0.179 + j 0.768 = 0.788 ∟ 76.8 0
RCF (k0) = (z0 – z1) / 3z1 = 0.706 ∟ - 4.3 0
 Z1=0.85* 158=134 Kms = 134*.253= 33.9 ohms
Z2= i) .85(158+.85*48)=169km

ii) 158*1.15=182 km = 46 ohms

A B C D

158 Kms 48 Kms 70 Kms

10%,2*
60 MVA
40 0hm
GWL JGD KKTR PNP
Z3= i) .85{158+.85(48+.85*70)}=213 km

ii) 1.15(158+48)=237 km =59.96 ohms

iii) 158*.253+24 = 63.97 ohms
A B C D

158 Kms 48 Kms 70 Kms

10%,2*
60 MVA
40 0hm
GWL JGD KKTR PNP
 OTHER FEATURES
• Carrier acceleration • Self diagnostic
• Switch on to fault • Disturbance /Event recording
• CVT voltage monitoring • Fault locator
• DC supply supervision • C.B. fail protection
• Power swing blocking • Loss of load protn.
• Auto reclosing • Open conductor detection
• Mutual compensation • CT open detection
• Week infeed logic • DTOC / IDMT O/C & E/F
• Z0ne -1 extension • Access Local & remote
 HMI, front serial port
 Rear port for L/R
 IEC-61850 protocol
TRIP logic for measuring elements
A-N ,B-N ,C-N ,A-B ,B-C ,C-A
Z1

Z2 T2
OR
0 & Trip

T3
Check
Z3
0
 CARRIER ACCELERATION
Zone-2
Zone-1

A B
Zone-1
Zone-2

Fault is cleared in zone-1 time

from both ends
 CARRIER ACCELERATION
Permissive under reach
Z1—CS and Z2 + CR = TRIP TRIP
Permissive over reach
Z2—CS and Z2 + CR = TRIP
Blocking
BLOCK
Z3(R)—CS and Z2 + CNR =TRIP

* Carrier transmission on healthy line,

Reliable, intentional delay required,
signal continues till FD energised
 PUR
Z1
Z1
CR
&
Z2 CR
&
Z2
 Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
 Cross polarisaton may not ensure correct operation
for close up balanced fault . Even memory voltage
maintain polarizing voltage for prescribed time only.
 High speed clearance of close up balanced faults
detected immediately following manual closure of
breaker.
 INITIATION
 Breaker close command signal
 Three phase dead pole condition
 Fault detection
 Offset Zone3
 Current level detectors/ Starter
 High set elements
 Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
_
+
N
T C
200ms
o o 0

86
F.D./ Z3 off set

Dead pole t
condition 500ms Trip
&
FD
CVT / PT VOLTAGE SUPERVISION
MHO X3 ZONE-3

ZONE-2

ZONE-1

R3
ZONE-4
X4

OP
AFTER FUSE
FAILURE
 CVT / PT VOLTAGE SUPERVISION
 Prevent unwanted operation of the
comparators due to an open or short circuit
of VT circuitory.
 The Distance protection is blocked.
 Old practice is to monitor fuses or provide MCB
which is not fool proof.
 Neg. Seq. Vol. w/o Neg. Seq. Current for
unbalanced sec. voltage fault. But for 3 phase
fuse missing one of the fuses is monitored.
 Even as per latest, all the voltages to relay are
monitored for 3 phase fuses missing.
CVT/PT FUSE FAILURE RELAY

o/c

BLOCKING D.P.
27
SCHEME
CVT / PT VOLTAGE SUPERVISION
D.P.SCHEME
R

B
Vo

All fuses missing

V

Vo

1 Fuse failure
V Blocking

I neg.
 CVT / PT VOLTAGE SUPERVISION
Protection functions not blocked
in the event of FAULT

Instantaneous /unconfirmed fuse failure

Tc
Vr > 0.7 Vn Confirmed fuse failure
& 0

Protection
S functions blocked
Q in the event of
OPEN LINE FAULT
Io < Sc
R
> >
Distance prot. Blocked
I2 < Sc & Healthy
Imax < Sc network
 Power Swing Blocking
 Power swings are variations in power flow when voltage of
Generators at different points of power system slips relative to
each other to cater for changed load conditions or faults &
their clearance. Power swing is balanced 3 Phase condition.
 Fault is distinguished from power swing on the basis of rate of
change of impedance which is lower in case of power swing
 Impedance moves away from load area and passes through
the relay characteristics.
 Distance scheme to be blocked for suitable time ” t”
 Separate zone for detecting power swing should have
diameter 1.3 times outermost characteristic & time less than
fastest swing.
 80ms
MR3V
0.33*Z3
Z3

PSB Z3
t

To Block
tripping
 Z6

Z5

BLOCK
Z6 Z1
t
& Z2
inhibition & 0 Z3

Z5
>1
 Z6

Z5

BLOCK
Z6 Z1
T
& Z2
inhibition & 0 Z3

Z5
>1
 Autoreclosing
95% 0f the faults are temporary i.e. due to
lightning ,tree touching, kite flying, pollution
To reduce outage time & system stability
 Autoreclosing
 IEC publication 56.2 ,Breaker duty cycle : O- 0.3s-
CO- 3min –CO at full rated breaking current
 High/Low speed
 Single shot and multi shot
 single , three , single and three phase A/R
 Dead time : > de-ionising time (De-ionisation time depends
upon arcing time ,fault duration, wind condition, circuit voltage, capacitive
coupling etc.)
 Minimum de-energisation time for 66,132, 220 & 400 KV lines are 0.1, 0.17,
0.28, 0.5 sec. respectvely and longer for single phase tripping.
 t 1 PH > t 3 PH as Capacitive coupling between healthy phases
maintain arc.
 t1Ph recommended 1.0 sec.
 Reclaim time recommended 25 sec.
 Check syn./Dead line feature
 Autoreclosing
 Protections which block autoreclose
 LBB relay
Line Reactor protection
 O/V protection
 Direct transfer trip signal received
 Bus bar protection
Zone-2/3/4/5/6 of D.P.Scheme
Carrier fail condition
Circuit breaker problems i.e. low air pressure
etc.
 ---

td td

Z1 A/R A/R Z1

Rg
MUTUAL COMPENSATION

Vr=Ijo(2Z1+Zo) – Iho*Zmo
SO, OVER REACHING

Vg =Ibo(2Z1+Zo) +Iao*ZmoAt
G UNDERREACHING

Vh=Ico(2Z1+Zo) – Iao*Zno
So,at H OVERREACHING
 Multiple infeeds

I1 I4
I3
IL I2
IL(ZL+Z+Ra)+( I1+I2+I3)* [( Z1+Z2+Z0) / 3 +Ra ] + I4* Ra

SO , UNDER REACHING
Earth Fault Compensation

( I1Z1+I2Z2+I0Z0 ) / 3I0 [ 1+(Z0 – Z1) / 3Z1 ]

SO , OVERREACHING OR under reaching

Double end feed high resistance fault
Iload
ZL1 ZL 2

RF
I1 I2

OVER REACH UNDER REACH

RF I2 / I1 *RF

ZL1
I1
#

I2
 Tee & Multi feed feeders

G
G

Under reaching Over reaching

Phase Comparison & Differential Protn.

 Advantages :
• Simple measuring principle.
• Only current transformers are necessary.
• No time delay (fast).
• Strong sensitivity.
 Disadvantages :
• Necessary communication link with the opposite
ends.
• No back up protection functions.
 Differential Protection
 Unit protection for two or multi ended feeders
 Phase currents sampled, digitised, filtered and
transmitted in a binary coded form to other ends.
Data samples must be accurately time alligned .
 Like conventional differential relay for operation
IDIFF. >K IBIAS & IS
 Phase wise differential protection.
 Error
 CT error
 Line charging current error.
OFC link
 IN section fault

TRIP TRIP

L.S. L.S.
 Out section fault
TRIP

NO NO
TRIP TRIP

L.S. L.S.
 Phase comparison scheme
 Summation, sequence filter, modulation squarer , transmission ON/OFF for
alternate half cycle ,receiver ,gap detector, discriminator & output bistable.
 Fault detectors :
• Impulse (Change): Balanced & unbalanced faults
 PPS : HS - 30-60% In LS - 0.5* HS
 NPS : HS – 5-20% In LS-0.67* HS
• Non impulse(absolute value) : Unbalanced faults
 NPS : HS -1.5-8 times I2 LS-0.67*HS
 Dwell times
 High Set (HS) : Dwell time= 0.5 S (Enable phase angle measurement)
 Low Set (LS) : Dwell time =0.6 S (controls HF transmission)
 Marginal guard =100 ms (Through fault stability)
 Post trip MG mute =350 ms (Inhibit continuous tr. due to MG )
 Modulation Squarer : Compensate for line charging current and
controls the phase angle transmission (7.5 -15% In)
 Marginal guard for through fault stability & Post trip marginal guard mute for
Immediate trip in case of internal fault
 IN section fault
H.S. H.S.

TRIP TRIP

L.S. L.S.

.
>SET gap >SET gap

& &
 OUT section fault
H.S. H.S.
TRIP
NO NO
TRIP TRIP

L.S. L.S.

<SET gap <SET gap

& &
 TRANSFORMER
CONSERVATOR

BUSHING

CORE
OIL

BREATHER
WINDING

TANK
 Current at various voltages
Voltage Current in Ampere per
1MVA 10MVA 100MVA
400 KV 1.43 14.3 143
220 KV 2.6 26 260
132 KV 4.375 43.75 437.5
66 KV 8.75 87.5 875
33 KV 17.5 175 1750
11 KV 52.5 525 5250
433 V 1333.7 13337 133370
SKELTON Conductor

TISSUE Cellulose
Blood Oil
BRAIN PROT. SYSTEM
 PREVENTION  PREVENTION
 External :accident, enmity,  External : o/v, o/l, o/f, sustained faults
walk/exercise.
 Internal :fat , sugar, germs, organ  Internal : moisture, oxygen, high temp.
malfunction
DETECTION OF ABNORMALITY AT INCIPIENT STAGE
 HEALTH DIAGNOSIS  CONDITION MONITORING
 Regular check up :  Periodical tests :
ECG & BLOOD TEST Electrical tests & OIL TEST
X-Ray FRA, P.D.
DETECTION AT LATER STAGE
 BRAIN  PROTECTION SYSTEM :
 Senses at threshold level  Detects at set point
Pain, Fever, Giddiness Insulation failure, Gas, Temperature
 TRASFORMER PROTECTION
Differential zone
Differential
element
400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 00
Yy0
HV REF ZONE LV REF ZONE

REF REF
HV LV
400/1 1200/1

BACK UP O/C & E/F

Over fluxing
Buchholz, WT, OT,
& PRV alarm / trip
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
• Percentage bias differential protection
• High impedance circulating current protection
(Restricted earth fault protection)
• Over fluxing protection
• Back up O/C & E/F on HV side
• Back up O/C & E/F and High set with timer on LV side
• Tertiary winding protection
• Over load alarm
• Protection & monitors built into transformer (Buchholz
relay , OSR relay , Winding & Oil temperature indicators ,Pressure
relief device and Oil level indicator)
 Protection Safeguard provided against
Percentage bias differential relay All types of internal electric faults.

Circulating current high Only internal earth fault with very high sensitivity to detect earth fault even at
impedance restricted earth fault incipient stage.

IDMT overcurrent relay Back up protection for faults fed by transformer

(HV & LV)
Over load alarm & trip To control overloading of transformer

Over fluxing relay. Damage/over heating of core due to over fluxing.

Definite time High set overcurrent Stressing of transformer due to prolonged un cleared through faults.
relay.

Neutral displacement relay (for Earth fault in tertiary winding

400/220/33 KV T/F only)

LBB relay Stressing due to un-cleared electric fault as a result of HV breaker stuck up

Buchholz relay/OSR Gas formation due to internal fault and hot spot etc

Oil temperature trip device Over heating due to various reasons.

Winding temperature trip Over heating due to various reasons associated with load current compensation

Pressure relief device. Excessive gas pressure due to severe internal fault
% BIAS DIFFERENTIAL PROT.
• Low Set
 Minimum pick up of differential current
 Percentage biasing to compensate for unbalance due
to TAP MISMATCH & CT ERROR
• Magnetizing Inrush blocking
 Second harmonic restraint.
 By measuring period of small current in each cycle.
• Over flux blocking
 Fifth harmonic restraint / by pass
• High Set
 Unrestrained instantaneous high set differential
element to ensure faster clearance of internal fault
during magnetizing inrush/ saturated CTs/over
excitation condition
% BIAS DIFFERENTIAL PROT.
1. MISMATCH DUE TO TAP CHANGER
2. CT ERROR
Although not very sensitive
but Detects all type of faults
IO with in differential zone i.e.
between HV & LV CTs
SLOPE

Ip.u.

IF
Magnetic inrush current
 FIFTH HARMONIC RESTRAINT

Transient over fluxing : During load throw off

condition due to transient over voltage transient over
fluxing occurs . The differential relay is restrained for fifth
harmonic .
 % BIAS DIFFERENTIAL PROT
600/1 A 1200/1A

I2 I1
132 /66KV

I2 I1

I1 + I2 = 0

Id = I I1 + I2 I Ib = ( I I1 I + I I2 I ) / 2
FAULT OUTSIDE Differential ZONE

2400 A 4800A

600/1 A 1200/1A
0A

4A 4A
132Kv

66Kv
 FAULT INSIDE DIFFERENTIAL ZONE

2400 A 3600A

600/1A 1200/1A
7A

4A 3A
132KV 66Kv
 400/1 1200/1

P1
. .
P2 262.5A 875A
.
P2
.
P1

100MVA ,220/66KV
.729
.656
P1 P1
No Fault
.656/.577 P2 P2 .729/.577
S2
S2

S1
DIFFERENTIAL S1

Ir-Iy Iy-Ib Ib-Ir 1A 1A Ib-Ir Iy-Ib Ir-Iy

1A 1A

1A 1A
 400/1 1200/1

P1
. .
P2 262.5A 875A
.
P2
.
P1

100MVA ,220/66KV
.729
.656
P1 In Zone Fault P1

.656/.577 P2 P2 .729/.577
S2
S2

S1
DIFFERENTIAL S1

Ir-Iy Iy-Ib Ib-Ir 1A 1A Ib-Ir Iy-Ib Ir-Iy

1A 1A

1A 1A
 NUMERICAL FEATURE

400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 00
Yy0
0.656A 00 0.729A 00

Ydy0 1A Ydy0
Differential 1A Software
Software
ICT-1.52 00 element 00 ICT-1.37
 VECTOR GROUP
D leading Y by 300
11 12

YD11

12 1

D lagging Y by 300

YD1
 T/F CONNECTION – Dyn1
400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 -300
Dyn1
0.729A -300
0.656A 00

Yy0 Yd11
1A Differential 1A Software
Software
ICT-1.52 00 element 00 ICT-1.37
 T/F CONNECTION – Dd10
400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 +600
Dd10

0.656A 00 0.729A +600

Yd11 1A Yd1
Differential 1A Software
Software
ICT-1.52 300 element 300 ICT-1.37
 REF PROTECTION 1200/1
400/1

Is

If

Differential
element
 HIGH IMPEDANCE CIRCULATING
CURRENT (REF)PROT.
• Detects only earth fault beteen HV CT &
HV NCT and LV CT & LV NCT
• SENSITIVE THAN % BIASED PROTN.
• REQUIRE identical CTs OF good
characteristics
• Remains stable in the event of CT
saturation during through fault.
FAULT INSIDE HV REF ZONE
300/1 600/1

66/33KV

600/1

300/1
 Fault inside LV REF ZONE
300/1 600/1

300A
600/1

300/1
 Fault out side REF ZONE
300/1 600/1

300A
600/1

300/1
 OVER FLUXING
Transient over fluxing : During load throw off
condition due to transient over voltage transient over
fluxing occurs . The differential relay is restrained for fifth
harmonic .

Sustained over fluxing : Over fluxing relay with

delayed alarm at lower v/f value and trip at higher v/f value
is used.
V/f setting is around 2.53 ( 15%) for alarm and
2.74(25%) for trip
Voltage from untapped winding is used to give
realistic over flux status
Back up protection with out HS & TIMER

400/1A

132 / 33KV ,20MVA

660 ms

890A
3500A 8.75A

IDMT HS

IDMT
 TRF. With HS & TIMER
400/1A

132 / 33KV 4kms.

20MVA HS
220 ms 100/1 400/1A
IDMT
400/1A
875A 3500A
8.75
IDMT 6kms.
HS = 3.5A HS

T =200ms IDMT IDMT

 OVERLOAD PROT.

132 / 33KV
20MVA 400/1A

87.5A 350A
96.5 385

110% 100%

trip ALARM
 150/1 250/1
250/1

131A 131 218A

.524
218A

P1 87 .872

.873/.577 P2 P1
S2

P2 .873/.577
REF
S1 S2

Ir-Iy S1
DIFFERENTIAL
1A 1A
Ir-Iy

1A 1A

1A 1A

No Fault
 ELECTRICAL TESTS
Electrical tests carried out at site are:-
(i) I.R.Value
(ii) Vector group
(iii) Ratio test
(iv) Magnetizing current
(v) Short circuit current
(vi) Magnetic balance
(vii) Winding resistance
(viii) Capacitance and Tan Delta of
bushings and windings.
 OIL TESTS

• Common Oil Tests : condition

assessment of oil.
• Dissolved Gas Analysis :over all
condition assessment of transformer.
• Furan Analysis :condition
assessment of cellulose insulation.
 OIL TEST RESULTS FOR NEW OIL AND OIL IN USE

S. Test description IS-335. 1993 IS-1866-1983 IS-1866-1983

No. FOR New Oil Amendment-1 for oil in use.
For new oil before
commissioning.
a) Inter-facial tension( N/M) at 27 C Min. 0.040 0.030 0.015

b) Flash point Min. 1400 C - 1250 C

c) Acidity (mg. KOH/gm.) Max. 0.030 - 0.50

d) B.D. Value (KV) Min. 60(a/f) 30 unfiltered 60>145 KV 50

50<145 KV 40
40< 72.5 KV 30

e) Tan Delta at 900 C Max. 0.002 0.050 0.2>145 KV

1.0<145 KV

f) Specific resistance (ohm-cm) at 900 C

Min. 35x1012 1x1012 0.1x1012

g) Water content ( ppm ) Max. 50 15>145 KV 25>145 KV

20>72.5 35<145 KV
25<72.5
h) Sludge content (by wt.) Max. 0.1% (A/o) - Nil
Permissible concentration of dissolved gases in the oil of healthy transformer
in ppm as per transformateren union AG.
Gas Less than 4 yrs.in 4-10 Yrs More than 10 Yrs. In
service. in service service.
H2 100-150 200-300 200-300
CH4 50-70 100-150 200-300
C2H6 30-50 100-150 800-1000
C2H4 100-150 150-200 200-400
C2H2 20-30 30-50 100-150
CO 200-300 400-500 600-700
CO2 3000-3500 4000-5000 9000-12000

Recommendations for monitoring if concentration of faults gases are

within following limits and view seriously if exceed the highest limit.
C2H6 50-150 150-500 Upto 800
CH4 150-300 200-400 400-600
C2H2 30-70 50-70 70-100
Action based on TDCG limits ( IEEE standard C:57:104 )
Total dissolved combustible gas (TDCG): The gases Co, H2, CH4,C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 considered for
TCG. The following table shows the acceptable limits of individual fault gases (in PPM by volume) of transformer as per
IEEE:

Fault gases H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2 TCG

PPM by volume 100 120 65 50 35 350 2500 720

TDCG units (ppm) Analysis

Less than 721 Satisfactory operation

721-1920 Normal ageing/slight decomposition

1921-4630 Significant decomposition and take immediate action to

see if fault is progressively becoming worse.
Substantial decomposition. Appropriate corrective action
such as removal from service.
More than 4630
This ratio is to be employed in conjunction with key gas
method.
 Fault type Key gases

Arcing Acetylene (C2H2),Hydrogen (H2)

Corona Hydrogen (H2)

Overheated Oil Ethylene(C2H4),Methane(CH4)

Overheated cellulose Carbon Mono-oxide (CO) and Carbon

Cellulose Dioxide (CO2)
Gas CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2

Temp. >1200 C >1200 C >1500 C >7000 C

Major Gas Minor Gas Nature of fault
C2H4 CH4 Thermal decomposition.

CH4 H2 Hot Spot

H2,CH4 C2H2 ,C2H4, C2H6 Electrical discharge.

H2 CH4, C2H6 Internal corona

CO,CO2 Cellulosic Insulation

decomposition.
ANALYSIS BASED ON RATIO OF VARIOUS DISSOLVED GASES
C2H2/C2H6 > 1 Electrical discharge
H2/CH4 > 10 Partial discharge
C2H4/C2H6 > 1 Thermal fault
C2/CO > 10 Cellulose degradation due to overheating
<3 Cellulose degradation due to electrical fault

C2H2/H2 > 2 Untight tap changer

Roger’s Ratio Analysis
C2H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4
H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4
0 0 0 0
If CH4/H2 is so P.D.otherwise normal
deterioration.
1 0 0 0 Slight overheating below 150 C
1 1 0 0 Slight overheating 150 C 200 C
0 1 0 0 Slight overheating 200 C to 3000 C
0 0 1 0 General conductor overheating.
1 0 1 0 Circular current overheated joints.
0 0 0 1 Flash over without power flow current.
0 1 0 1 Tap changer breaking current.
0 0 1 1 Are with persistent sparking.
 RATIO METHOD AS PER IS: 10593: 1992/IEC-599
Ratios of characteristic C2H2 CH4 C2H4
gases C2H4 H2 C2H6

< 0.1 0 1 0
0.1 TO 1.0 1 0 0 (Code of range of ratios )
1.0 TO 3.0 1 2 1
> 3.0 2 2 2
S.No Characteristic fault C2H2 CH4 C2H4 Diagnosis
. C2H4 H2 C2H6
1. No fault 0 0 0 Normal ageing

2. Partial discharges of low energy 0 1 0 Discahrge in gas filled cavaties resulting from incomplete
density impregnation, or super-saturation or cavitation of high
humadity.
3. Partial discharges of high energy 1 1 0 As above, but leading to tracking or performation of solid
density insulation.
4. Discharges of low energy. 1to 2 0 1 to 2 Continuous sparkling in oil between bad connections of differ-
ent potential or to floating potential break-down of oil between
solid materials.
5. Discharges of high energy 1 0 2 Discharges with power flow through. Arcing breakdown of oil
between winding or coils or between oils to earth. Selector
breaking current.
6. Thermal fault of low temperature 0 0 1 General insulated conductor overheating.
150 C
7. Thermal fault of low temperature 0 2 0 Local overheating of the core due to concentration of flux.
ranging 150 C to 300 C

8 Thermal fault of medium 0 2 1 Increasing hot spot temperature, varying from small
temp.300 C to 700 0C hot spots in core shorting links in core

9 Thermal fault of high temp. 0 2 2 overheating of copper due to oddy currents, bad
contacts/ joints (pyrolitic carbon formation) upto core
700 C
and tank circulating currents.
 FURAN ANALYSIS
AS PER S.D. MYERS INC. BASED ON ANALYSIS CARRIED
OUT ON 15000 Trs.
FURAN CONC. IN PPB RECOMMENDATIONS

<100 Healthy Equipment

Testing recommended after a year

>100 <250 Conc. Of Furan is Questionable

>250 <1000 Shows clear deterioration

Testing interval reduces to 3 months
>1000 <2500 Equipment has low reliability, Testing Interval reduces
to 1 month Increase in Furan level offen leads to
failure
>2500 Reliability of equipment is very poor
Replacement of Rewind is recommended
 FURAN ANALYSIS
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS BASED ON CPRI EXPERIENCE
FURAN CONC. IN RECOMMENDATIONS
PPB
<250 Normal deterioration of solid insulation,. Equipment
healthy. Testing recommended after a year
>250 <1000 Slow deterioration of solid insulation, Testing
recommended after 6 months.
>1000 <2000 Solid insulation has crossed Ist stage of deterioration,
Testing recommended after 3 months
>2000 <3000 Solid insulation has crossed 2nd stage of deterioration,
Testing recommended after 2 months.
>3000 <5000 Sufficient damage has occurred to paper insulation &
the reliability of
Equipment is very poor. Testing recommended after a
month.
>5000 Sufficient damage has occurred to paper insulation &
the reliability of equipment is very very poor. Initiate
action for refurbishment of solid insulation.