Chapter 7: Acid and Base

7.4 : Neutralisation
Definition
 The reaction of an acid and a base is called a
neutralisation reaction.
 The acidity of an acid is neutralised by an alkali and the
alkalinity of an alkali is neutralised by the acid.
 Salt and water are the only products

Acid + Alkali Salt + Water

Applications of Neutralisation in Daily life

• Acidity of soil neutralised by

adding powdered lime or
limestone or ashes of
burned wood.
Agriculture • Alkalinity of soil neutralised
by adding rotting vegetables
that decompose by releasing
CO2 (acidic)
 • Coal (contain sulphur)
burned in air produces SO2
causes acid Rain.
S ( s )  O2( g )  SO2( g )
• When mixture of coal and
Energy limestone is heated,
limestone decomposes to
Industry lime
CaCO3( s )  CaO( s )  CO2( g )
• The lime neutralises the
sulphur dioxide
2CaO( s )  2SO2( g )  O2( g )  2CaSO4( s )
 • In Contact
Process(manufacture
H2SO4), Sulphur dioxide gas
Chemical produced causes acid rain.
industry • To prevent this, waste gases
scrubbed by passing
through the powdered lime.
CaO( s )  SO2( g )  CaSO3( g )
 • Wasp sting is alkaline and so its
effects can be neutralised with
vinegar or acid and this
neutralisation then reduces the

Medical pain.
• Bee sting is acidic and so its
field effects can be neutralised with
bicarbonate of soda or alkali and
this reaction reduces the pain.
• Indigestion neutralised by
intaking medicine contain
magnesium hydroxide
What happens during a neutralisation
process?

Acid + Alkali Salt + Water

 Hydrogen ions from acid combines with hydroxide ions
from alkali to form water molecule.
 Cation from alkali combines with anion from acid to form
salt which is also ionic compound with the pH 7.
Eg:

NaOH ( s )  HCl ( aq)  NaCl( aq)  H 2 O(l )

Burette
Pipette
Acid-base titration
How to hold burette
Titration
 Is a laboratory technique in which one solution is used to
analyse another solution.
 One of the solution is a standard solution of known
concentration and is delivered from burette.
 The other solution of known volume only placed in conical
flask.
 A white tile placed under the conical flask in order to detect
the colour change.
 The technique involves determining accurately the volume of
the standard solution needed to react exactly with a known
volume of another solution contained in conical flask in a
reaction for which the equation (stoichiometry) is known.
 The completion of the reaction occurs when enough
standard solution is added from the burette to react
exactly with the other solution in the conical flask.
 To detect the completion of the reaction, an indicator is
used.
 The point at which the indicator changes colour is called
the end point.
Indicator Colour in medium
Acidic Alkaline End point
/neutral
Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink Colourless

Litmus Red Blue Purple

indicator
Acid (burette) , Alkali (conical flask)
Acid (conical flask) , alkali (burette)
Methyl Orange
Litmus indicator
Methods of titration
The end point can also detected by pH
meter
Graph plotted
The end point can also detected by
conductivity cell
Graph plotted
Calculation involving neutralisation
1. A student used a standard solution of sodium hydroxide
to determine the concentration of a solution of
hydrochloric acid.
concentration of NaOH solution = 0.10 mol dm-3
Volume of hydrochloric acid used = 25.00 cm3
burette reading :
Titration Rough 1 2 3
number
Final reading 23.30 47.20 23.25 46.10
(cm3)
Initial reading 1.00 25.10 1.20 24.00
(cm3)

what is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid?

Solution 1
1. Calculate the volume of NaOH need.
Titration number 1 2 3

Final reading (cm3) 47.20 23.25 46.10

Initial reading (cm3) 25.10 1.20 24.00

Volume of NaOH 22.10 22.05 22.10

needed (cm3)

2. Calculate avarage volume of NaOH needed.

22.10  22.05  22.10

3
 22.08cm 3
3. Number of moles of NaOH
= MV
1000
3 22.08 3
 0.10moldm  dm
1000
 0.002208mol
HCl ( aq)  NaOH ( aq)  NaCl( aq)  H 2 O(l )
n
4. From the equation, 1 mole of 
NaOH will react completely
V
0.002208mol
with 0.002208 mole of HCl. 
25
Concentration of HCl dm 3
1000
3
 0.088moldm