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• Temperature
• Frost action
• Abrasion
• Action of living things
Temperature
* day time
* heated by the sun
* expands
* remains cool inside
Night time
* rock is cooled
* contracts
Exfoliation
- peeling off - rock surface
Frost action
* seeping of water into small cracks of
rock layers
* drops below the freezing point of
water
* expands
* pressure
Abrasion
- wearing off of rocks by solid particles
carried by wind, water, and other agents