MICR-02305 VETERNARY IMMUNOLOGY

Dr. Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque (Ph.D, MSc. (Hons.), DVM)

Associate Professor Tenured,
Microbiology,
CVAS, Jhang.

Email: ehtishamsyed@uvas.edu.pk
Animal Quarantine Department, GOP, Karachi,
IRSIP (HEC) USA 2007-2008; TRXP 2010 UK,; CFP 2013 USA;
APPC 2014 S. Korea, WVPAC 2015 S. Africa ; Mevlana Academic
staff exchange Dec 2016 Turkey. Emerging infectious pathogen
Training, Thailand
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

 VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY
IAN R. TIZARD 7TH EDITION

 VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

AND PRACTICE Micheal J. Day 2nd edi CRC
press2014

 INSTANT NOTES (IMMUNOLOGY)

PETER LYDYARD 2ND EDITION

 Kuby’s IMMUNOLOGY, JANIS KUBY, 3RD

EDITION
What is immunity?
• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off
harmful micro-organisms –
PATHOGENS- that invade it.

• The immune system produces antibodies

or cells that can deactivate pathogens.

• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses

are all potential pathogens, prions, toxins,
rickettsia, virioids.
 Immunity
It is a homeostatic condition in which the body
maintains protection against infection and tumor
growth.

It is a series of delicately balanced complex,

multi-cellular and physiological mechanisms that
allow an individual to distinguish foreign material
from ‘self ’ and to neutralize and /or eliminate the
foreign matter ‘non-self ’.
 Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity

Immunostimulation

Homeostasis

Immunosuppression

Increased susceptibility to infection

and/or
Increased chance for tumor growth
Delicate balance
The Immune System

 Innate (non-specific) immunity

Adaptive (specific) immunity

• Innate immunity is present before any exposure
to pathogens and is effective from the time of
birth
• It involves non-specific responses to pathogens
• Key internal defenses are macrophages and
other phagocytic cells
 not specific
 no immunologic memory (does not
get stronger with more exposures)
• Acquired immunity, or adaptive immunity,
develops after exposure to agents such as
microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances
• Recognition is by white blood cells called
lymphocytes
• Some lymphocytes produce antibodies; others
destroy infected cells, cancer cells, or foreign
tissue
• Exhibit memory
 INNATE IMMUNITY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Rapid responses to a Slower responses to
broad range of microbes specific microbes

External defenses Internal defenses

Skin Phagocytic cells Humoral response

Mucous membranes Antimicrobial proteins (antibodies)
Secretions Inflammatory response
Invading Cell-mediated response
Natural killer cells
microbes (cytotoxic
(pathogens) lymphocytes)
• First-Line Defenses /Innate Immune System-
The body's first line of defense against pathogens uses
mostly physical and chemical barriers such as
• Skin – acts as a barrier to invasion
• Sweat – has chemicals which can kill different
pathogens.
• Tears - have lysozyme which has powerful digestive
abilities that render antigens harmless.
• Saliva – also has lysozyme.
• Mucus - can trap pathogens, which are then sneezed,
coughed, washed away, or destroyed by chemicals.
• Stomach Acid – destroys pathogens
• Secretions of the skin and mucous membranes
provide an environment hostile to microbes

• Secretions give the skin a pH between 3 and 5,

acidic enough to prevent colonization of many
microbes

• Skin secretions include proteins such as

lysozyme, which digests bacterial cell walls
• Second-Line Defenses - If a pathogen is able to
get past the body's first line of defense, and an
infection starts, the body can rely on it's second
line of defense. This will result in what is called
an……….
• Inflammatory response causes
• Redness - due to capillary dilation resulting in
increased blood flow

• Heat - due to capillary dilation resulting in

increased blood flow

• Swelling – due to passage of plasma from the

blood stream into the damaged tissue

• Pain – due mainly to tissue destruction and, to

a lesser extent, swelling.
 Inflammatory Response
• In local inflammation, histamine and other
chemicals released from injured cells promote
changes in blood vessels
• These changes allow more fluid, phagocytes,
and antimicrobial proteins to enter tissues
Mediators of inflammation

Vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction

Increased vascular permeability

Edema, extravasation
(histamines, protaglandins, kinins)

Chemotaxis
(cytokines, chemokines, complement)

Systemic response- fever, acute-phase

proteins, C-reactive protein
Pathogen Pin Blood clot

Macrophage
Blood
Chemical signals
clotting
Phagocytic cells elements
Capillary Phagocytosis

Red blood cell

• Third-Line Defenses - Sometimes the second line of
defense is still not enough and the pathogen is then
heading for the body's last line of defense, the immune
system.

• The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and

remembers each pathogen that enters the body. It does
this by making specialized cells and antibodies that
render the pathogens harmless.

• Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune
system differentiates among pathogens.

• For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces

cells that are specific for that particular pathogen.
• An antibody is a protein produced in response
to an antigen.
• Antigens are macromolecules that elicit an
immune response in the body. The most
common antigens are proteins and
polysaccharides.
Structure of the immune system

Immune system

Organs Cells
 Organs

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Bone marrow
Spleen Lymph nodes MALT

Thymus gland
Lymph node
Distribution of the lymph nodes about 100
The spleen
The thymus gland
 Cells

Lymphoid Myeloid
 Lymphoid cells

NK (Natural killer cells)

T-cells B-cells
 T-cells

T-helper (Th) T-suppressive/ cytotoxic T-memory (Tm)

4+ (Ts)
CD 8+
CD
 B- cells

Plasma cells B-memory

 Myeloid cells

CFU-GMM
Colony forming units
Granulocyte/ macrophages
mother cells

megakaryocytes Eosenophils Basophils Mast cells CFU-GM

Myelocytes
Platelets

Neutrophils

Promonocytes

Monocytes

Macrophages
 Phagocytic Cells
• Phagocytes attach to prey via surface receptors
and engulf them, forming a vacuole that fuses
with a lysosome
• Macrophages, a type of phagocyte, migrate
through the body and are found in organs of the
lymphatic system
• The lymphatic system defends against
pathogens
• The phagocytic cells called neutrophils
constitute about 60–70% of all white blood cells
(leukocytes).
• Cells damaged by invading microbes release
chemical signals that attract neutrophils from the
blood.
• The neutrophils enter the infected tissue,
engulfing and destroying microbes there.
• Neutrophils tend to self-destruct as they destroy
foreign invaders, and their average life span is
only a few days.
• Monocytes, about 5% of leukocytes, provide an
even more effective phagocytic defense.
• After a few hours in the blood, they migrate into
tissues and develop into macrophages, which
are large, long-lived phagocytes.
• Some macrophages migrate throughout the
body, while others reside permanently in certain
tissues, including the lungs, liver, kidneys,
connective tissues, brain, and especially in
lymph nodes and the spleen.
 Phagocytosis
Macrophages
Bifunctional
APC
Antigen
presentation

Liver
Skin Spleen, lung
CNS
Kuppfer cells
Histeocytes
Microglial cells
Macrophages
• Eosinophils, about 1.5% of all leukocytes,
contribute to defense against large parasitic
invaders, such as the blood fluke, Schistosoma
mansoni, Trypanosoma spp.
• Eosinophils position themselves against the
external wall of a parasite and discharge
destructive enzymes from cytoplasmic granules.
• Dendritic cells can ingest microbes like
macrophages. However, their primary role is to
stimulate the development of acquired
immunity.
 Internal Cellular and Chemical
Defenses

• Internal cellular defenses depend mainly on

phagocytosis.
• White blood cells called phagocytes ingest
microorganisms and initiate inflammation.
Microbes
Pseudopodia

MACROPHAGE

Vacuole
Lysosome
containing
enzymes
 Innate immunity

First response Immune cells (phagocytes)

Non-specific
Natural components Barriers
Soluble factors
Secretions
Membranes

Complement
Acute phase protein
Interferons- prevent viral infection
 1) Acute phase proteins

Upon infection Macrophages (Kuppffer cells)

activated

Bind to bacteria to Secrete different

Facilitate complement cytokines
fixation
Go systemically

Still high through the fever

The course of infection Acute phase response

Serum amyloid A&B

+
C-reactive protein
 2) Complement

It is a group of serum Coating of bacteria

proteins (Opsonization)
(about 30) can bind to
bacteria Complement receptors can
interact with phagocytes

Facilitate phagocytosis
3) INTERFERON

Protection against closely related viruses

thus also None specific
 Natural Killer Cells
• Natural killer (NK) cells attack virus-infected
body cells and cancer cells
• They trigger apoptosis in the cells they attack
Non-specific response is rapid

Specific (T or B cell response) takes longer

(if non-specific response fails)
B and T cells mediate specific immunity

B cell T cell
Matures in bone marrow thymus
Type of immunity humoral cell-
mediated
Secretes antibodies cytokines
Antigen receptor surface Ig T cell
receptor (TCR)
Where found spleen blood, lymph nodes
Targets bacteria, fungi viruses
infected cells
tumor cells?
Memory? Yes Yes
Antibody (immunoglobulin) isotypes

IgG- most common in serum, secreted in secondary

response

IgM- secreted in primary response; also part of

antigen receptor on B cells

IgA- most common in secretions

IgE- immediate hypersensitivity (allergy)

IgD- part of cell surface antigen receptor