Chapter II (continuation)

Description of
Irregularities in Rubber
Goods.
• Abrasions and scratches –This is surface
damage that normally occurs when the rubber
material makes contact with an abrasive
surface.
• Age cracks –Surface cracks that may look like
crazing of glazed ceramics and may become
progressively worse. Age cracks are due to
slow oxidation caused by exposure to sunlight
and ozone. It normally starts and areas of the
rubber that are under stress.
• Chemical boom – a white or yellowish
discoloration on the surface. It is caused by
migration of chemical additives to the surface.
• Color splash – this is a spot or blotch caused
by a contrasting colored particle of
unvulcanized rubber that became embedded
into the finished product during the
manufacturing process.
• Cuts – these are smooth incisions in the
surface of the rubber caused by contact with
sharp-edged object.
• Depression or indentation – a shallow recess
which exhibits a thinner rubber thickness atr
the bottom of the depression than in the
surrounding areas.
• Detergent cracks – cracks that appear on the
inside surface of the glove or sleeve. The
cracks form around a spot of detergent
residue that was not removed during the
cleaning and risning of the form prior to the
dipping process.
• Embedded foreign matter – this is particle of
non-rubber that has been embedded in the
rubber during the manufacturing process. It
• Form marks –this is a raised or indented
section on the surface of the rubber. It is
caused by an irregularity in the form that was
used to mold the product.
• Hard spot – a hardened spot caused by
exposure to high heat or chemicals
• Mold mark – a raised or indented section
caused by an irregularity in the mold
• Scratches, nicks, and snags – angular tears,
notcyhes, or chip like injuries in the surface of
the rubber caused by sharp objectys such as
wire, pointed tool, stapels or other similar
• Ozone cracks – a series of interlacing cracks
that start at stress points and worsen as a
result of ozone-induce4d oxidation.
• Parting line or flash line – a ridge of rubber
left on finish products. They occur at mold
joins during manufacturing.
• Pitting – a pockmark in the rubber surface., it
is often created by the rupturing of an air
bubble close to the surface during
manufacturing.
• Protuberance – a bulge or swelling above the
surface of the rubber.
• Puncture – penetration by a sharp object
through the entire thickness of the product.
• Repair marks – and area of the rubber with a
different texture. Usually caused by repair of
the mold or form.
• Runs – raised flow marks which occur on
rubber glove fingers during the dipoping
process.
• Skin breaks – cavities in the surface of the
rubber. They have filmy ragged edges and
smooth interior surfaces., they are usually
caused by embedded dirt specks during the
• Soft spots – areas of the rubber which have
been soft or tacky as a result of heat, oils, or
chemical solvents.
• Tears - A rip through the entire thickness of
the rubber. Usually caused by forceful pulling
at the edge.
 Electrical testing. rubber insulating equipment should be electrically tested
periodically. Insert table – summarizes the requirements and/or
recommendations for such testing. Electrical testing of rubber goods is a
relatively specialized procedure and should be performed only by
organization with the necessary equipment and experience

Product Maximum test ASTM standard notes

interval, months
Gloves 6 F496
Mats - D178
Blanket 12 F479
Covers - F478
Line hose - F478
Sleeves 12 F496
 HOT STICKS
Hot sticks are poles made of an isolating material, they have tools and/or fittings
on the ends which allow workers to manipulate energized conductors and
equipment from a safe distance. Hot sticks vary length depending on the voltage
level of the energized equipment and the work t be performed. Modern hot sticks
are made of fibreglass and/or epoxiglass. Older designs were made of wood which
was treated and painted with chemical-, moisture-, and temperature-resistant
materials.

typical hot stick

Hot sticks can be fitted with a variety of tools and
instruments., the most common fitting is the NEMA
standard design in figure as the standard universal
fitting.
Hot sticsk can also be purchased in telescoping models and so
called shotgun models.
The telesoping type of hot stick is compsed of several hollow,
tubular sectios which nest inside of each other. The topmost
section is first extended and locked in place by means of a
spring-loaded button which snaps into a hole.

Telescopic hot stick

The shotgun hot stick has a slioding lever mechanism that allows the user to
open and close a clamping hook mechanism at the end,. In this way rthe user
can attach the stick to a disconnect ring and then close it. After the switch is
oiperated, the shotguin mechanism is operated to open the hook. The
shotgun stick gets its name from its similarity to the pump-action shotgun.

Shut-gun hot stick

Typical hot stick kit for electricians and line workers.
This type of packaged provides a variety of configurations which will satisfy
most of the day to day nmeeds for the electrician and the overhead line
worker. The kit includes the following components:

• Six 4ft sections of an epoxiglas snap-together

hot stick
• Aluminium disconnect head for opening and
closing switches and enclosed cutouts
• Nonmettalic disconnect head for use in indoor
subsationg where buswork and switches are in
close proximity
• Clam stick head for use with 6in long eye
screw grounjd clamps. This is used to apply
• When to use
Hot sticks sh9ould be used toi insulate and
isolate the electrician from the possibility of
electric shock,. Arc, or blast.

• How to use
The specifics of hot stick use will depend upon
the task being performed and the location in
which the worker is positioned. As a general
rule, if hot sticks are being used, the worker
should also wear other protective clothing.
 Testing requirements

The following should be the minimum

1. Hot sticks ashould be closely inspected for damage or defets
a. prior to each use
b. at leat every tow yrs
2. if any damage or defects are nioted the hot stick should be repaired or
replaced
3. hot sticks should be electrically tested according to ASTM standard F711
a. anytime an inspection reveals damage or a defect
b. every two yrs
 INSULATED TOOLS
Insulated tools, are standard hand tools with a complete covering of
electrical insulation., every part of the tool is fully insulated. Only the
minimum amount of metallic work surface is left exposed. Such tools are
used to prevent shock or arc in the event that the worker contacts the
energized conductor.

insulated tool set

• When to use
Insulated tools should be used anytime work is being
performed on or near exposed. Energized conductors. They
should be inspected before each use.
• How to use
Insulated tools are used in the same way that ordinary hand
tools are used, an d all the same precautions should be
observed. Avoid using the tools in any application which may
damage the insulation.
 Barriers and Signs
• Barrier tape
It should be a minimum of 2 in wide and should
be marked on colored to clearly indicate the
nature of the hazard to which employees will
be exposed if they cross the tape line.
• Sign
Warning signs should be of standardized design
and easily read. They should be placed in such
a way to warn personnel of imminent hazard.
Temporary Hazard Barricades

• It should be constructed with a striped barrier

tape using the ff. procedure
1. The tape should be placed so that it
completely encloses the hazardous area.
2. The tape should be clearly visible from all
direction of approach.
3. The tape should be ata a level such that it
forms an effective barrier, approximately 3ft is
suitable.
• 4. Allows an area of sufficient size to give
adequate clearance between the hazard and
any personnel outside the hazardous area
• 5. If test equipment is being used on
equipment inside the hazardous area, the
tape should be arranged so that the
equipment can be operated outside the area.
• 6. Do not use the the same style and color of
tape for any purpose other than marking
temporary hazards.
• 7. Such a barricaded area should be
considered to be the same as metal enclosure;
that is, access is not possible.
• 8. After the haazard has been eliminated
remove the tape.
SAFETY TAGS, LOCKS AND LOCKING
DEVICES
• Safety tags
It is applied to equipmemt to indicate that the
equipment is not available for service. They
are tags constructed of a durable,
environment-proof material. It includes a
warning that says Do Not Start, Do Not Open.
Do Not Close, Do Not Operate, or other such
warnings. The tag must also indicate who
placed it on the equipment and the nature of
the problem.
• Lock
Locks are use to prevent operation of equipment
that has been de-energized. They must be
strong enough to withstand all but the most
forceful attemp to remove them without the
proper key.

Locking Devices
Some equipment, such as wall switch ang
molded case circuit breaker, do not readily
accomodate locks. In these instances. when
lockout is required, a locking device must be
 VOLTAGE-MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS

• Safety Voltage Measurement

• It involves measuring for zero voltage it is to
verify that the system has been de-energized
and that no voltage is present.
Proximity Testers
 Proximity Testers
• do not require actual metal-to-metal
contact to measure the voltage. It relies on
the electrostatic field established by the
electric potential to indicate the presence of
voltage.
• It is not accurate and do not indicate the
actual level of the voltage that is present,
they indicate the presence of voltage by
illumination of a light and the sounding of
buzzer.

6/26/19
 Contact Testers
– it make an actual metal-to-metal contact with
the circuit being energized, can be analog or
digital meter, which show actual voltage
levels.

6/26/19
 Selecting Voltage-Measuring
Instruments
Criteria:
• Voltage Level
• Application Location
• Internal Short Circuit Protection
• Sensitivity Requirements
• Circuit Loading
 Instrument Condition
• Case Physical Condition
• case and other mechanical assemblies must be in good
physical condition and not cracked, broken or otherwise
damaged.
• Probe Exposure
• only min. amount of lead should be exposed to the
instruments to minimize the chance of accidently short
circuiting when lead contacts more than one conductor.
• Lead Insulation Quality
• The leads should be replaced if it is damaged before the
instrument is used for voltage measuring
• Fusing
• Is it is using a fuse, the fuse should be checked to make
sure it is in the right size and capability.
• Operability
• It must be operable, it must be checked if the instrument
is using a battery, etc.