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SCIENTIST WORKS
J.J. Thomson Discovered electron (1897)
Robert Millikan Determined the charge of
an electron (1909)
Ernest Rutherford Discovered nucleus (1911)
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Proposed by Antoine Laurent Laviosier (1743-1794), a French
chemist who is also known as the father of modern chemistry. The
law of conservation of mass states that the mass of the products in a
chemical reaction will always be equal to the mass of the reactants.
LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION
Discovered by the French chemist, Joseph Proust
(1754-1826). This law states that all samples of a
chemical compound contain all the elements in the
same proportion.
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
Formulated by John Dalton (1766-1844), an English chemist
and meteorologist. The law of multiple proportions states that
the elements in a compound have a proportion of those
chemical compounds that can be expressed in a small, whole
number ratio.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
Elements are composed of minute, discrete, and indivisible
particles called atoms which maintain their identity in all
physical and chemical changes.
Atoms of the same element are identical in physical and
chemical properties, and have the same mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in physical and chemical
properties and have different masses.
The chemical combination of two or more elements consists
of the union of the atoms of these elements in simple
numerical ratios to form the smallest possible unit particles
of a compound.
Atoms of the same element can unite in more than one
ratio to form more than one compound.
Exercises
Determine whether the following statements are true or
false.
1. If you cut an object repeatedly, you will reach a point
where you can no longer cut it any further.
2. Atoms of the same element have the same physical but
different chemical properties.
3. The law of constant composition was formulated by John
Dalton.
4. The law of multiple proportions states that all samples of
a chemical compound contain the same elements in the
same proportion.
5. The law of conservation of mass is the basis for
stoichiometry.
Recall:
C6H12O6
Empirical Formula
Shows the simplest form of the atomic
ratio in a chemical compound.
CH2O
Models
A representation of a compound’s structure in a
molecular view. It is a 3-dimensional view of the
compound. The BALL-AND STICK model depicts a
three-dimensional view of the atoms of a compound
and the bonds between them. The atoms are
represented by balls and the bonds between them are
represented by sticks connecting the balls. The
SPACE-FILLING MODEL depicts the atoms of the
compound using spheres that are joined together,
approximating the proportionate sizes of the atoms.
WATER H20 H20
CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 CO2
ACETIC ACID C2H4O2 CH2O
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H202 H0
Activity: 3-D MODELS
Differentiate between
empirical formula and
molecular formula.
Naming
Compounds
THERE ARE CERTAIN RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN NAMING
COMPOUNDS. IONIC AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS USE
DIFFERENT NOMENCLATURE RULES
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson…
I will be able to name compounds given their
formula.
I will be able to write formulas given the names
of compounds.
I will be able to write the chemical formulas of
ionic compounds.
I will be able to name ionic compounds from
formulas.
Naming Ionic
An IONIC COMPOUND is a neutrally-charged compound
that contains a cation that are usually metallic and anion
that are usually non-metallic.
Rules:
a. Name the metal
b. If the metal has more than one oxidation state, indicate
the charge of the metal cation using Roman numerals and
enclose it in parentheses or use suffixes –ous and –ic.
c. If the anion is monoatomic, add the suffix –ide to the root
of the name of the non-metal. A MONOATOMIC ANION is
made up of only one atom. A POLYATOMIC ANION is made
up of more than one atom of different elemensts.
What is the chemical name of the
following Ionic compounds
KCl
KNO3
FeI2
Cu(NO3)2
Write the chemical formula of the
following ionic compounds.
Sodium hydroxide
Aluminum phosphate
Naming Molecular Compounds
A molecular compound is composed of non-metallic elements.
Rules:
1. Use prefixes for both elements in the compound to indicate the
number of atom for each elements present in the compound. If
there is only 1 atom in the first element, the prefix “mono” is
usually dropped. 1 mono-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
2. Add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the second
element.