Photo by US Government / Public domain

CELL
BIOLOGY
FERDINAND V. ESCALANTE, LPT

VVINZONS PILOT HIGH SCHOOL

PPT3 7/01/19
• Cytoskeleton.
The cytoskeleton is
responsible for cell shape,
motility (movement) of the cell
as a whole, and motility of
organelles within a cell. There
are three types of filaments in
the cytoplasm of most
vertebrate cells: microfilaments,
microtubules, and intermediate
filaments.
• Plasma Membrane Structure
• The plasma membrane is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer, which is two layers of
phospholipids back-to-back. Phospholipids are lipids
with a phosphate group attached to them. The
phospholipids have one head and two tails. The
head is polar and hydrophilic, or water-loving.
•Cells in the human body number in the trillions
and come in all shapes and sizes. These tiny
structures are the basic unit of living organisms.
•Cells comprise tissues,
•tissues comprise organs,
•organs form organ systems,
•and organ systems work together in an organism.
 • History
• Cell structure
CONTENTS
• Internal cellular structures
• Processes
HISTORY
CELL STRUCTURE
Scenedesmus, a green algae.
• Blood is considered a connective tissue for two basic
reasons: (1) embryologically, it has the same origin
(mesodermal) as do the other connective tissue types
and (2) blood connects the body systems together
bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other
signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.
• The plasma membrane serves the same function in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
• False b. In some cases c. Maybe d. True y

• Correct Answer:True
• Information:The plasma membrane of both prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell is both
made up of phospholipids and thus serves the same function, acting as a permeability
barrier of the cell.
• A group of different cells with different function is a tissue

• Correct Answer:False

• Information:A group of cells can only be called a tissue when the cells are the same or
similar and when they have a specific function.
THIS IS A KIND OF MUSCLE TISSUE THAT DOES NOT
MOVE UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL.
Why are the leaves of succulent plants thick and fleshy?
• Which of the following plants have modified leaves to attract pollinators?
• Poinsettia z
• Pitcher plants
• Aloe
• All of these choices
• Pitcher plants have tubular or vase-shaped
leaves. What are the main functions of these
modified leaves?
• None of these choices
• To attract pollinators
• To trap prey and secrete fluid to digest its
prey
• To ward off herbivores
• In mangroves, what is the
function of pneumatophores
(upright conical roots)?
• All of these choices
• To absorb gases directly from
the atmosphere.
• To attract marine life
• To enhanced anchorage
• What is the purpose of microvilli?
• Contribute to reproduction
• Increase the surface area of cells
• Aids in cell reproduction
• Secrete enzymes
• Where are alveoli located?
• Lungs
• Trachea
• Bronchioles. Z
• Larynx
• What specialized cell
facilitates nerve impulses to
and from the brain to the
spinal column?
• Neuron z
• Neuroglia
• Microglia
• Axon
• What is the function of ciliated epithelium in the upper airways?
• Traps dust particles
• Clears the airways
• Serves as barrier from foreign particles
• Sweeps mucus with inhaled particles away from the lungs. Z
• Structurally, plant and animal cells are very
similar because they are both eukaryotic cells.
They both contain membrane-bound organelles
such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and
peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes,
cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.
• What is cell modification?
• Features or structure of the cell that makes it different from another type of cell and at
the same time enables it to carry out unusual functions.
• Plant and animal cells are specialized to be able to carry out their tasks efficiently.
• They have particular adaptation to their structure to suit its function.
• Why does cell modification occur?
 TENDRIL
• In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem,
leaves or petiole with a threadlike shape
that is used by climbing plants for support,
attachment and cellular invasion by
parasitic plants, generally by twining around
suitable hosts found by touch. They do not
have a lamina or blade, but they can
photosynthesize.
• This tissue forms the outer protective covering of a plant and makes up the entire body of herbaceous
plants.
• Dermal
• Ground
• Vascular
• Epidermal z

• NotesInformation:Epidermal tissues are closely packed cells that make up the body of both non-woody
and young woody plants.
HTTPS://STUDY.COM/ACADEMY/LESSON/CILIATED-
EPITHELIUM-FUNCTION-STRUCTURE-DIAGRAM.HTML

• Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs,
called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our body. We
find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes of
women.
• Which of the following is NOT a function of the waxy cuticle?

• Correct Answer:Maintain plant structure

• Information:The walls of epidermal cells exposed to air are covered with a waxy cuticle. Its function is to
minimize water loss and protect the plant from bacteria and other organisms that may cause diseases

• The vascular tissues are composed of xylem and phloem which are responsible for the transport of
water and food.
GROUND TISSUES
They are plant tissues that
synthesize organic compounds
and store the products.
GROUND TISSUES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
CLASSES BASED ON THE NATURE OF THEIR CELL WALLS.

• Parenchyma – thin cell walls

• Collenchyma – uneven cell walls

• Sclerenchyma – thick cell walls

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A
CHARACTERISTIC OF PARENCHYMA CELLS?

• Uneven cell wall

• Information: The function of parenchyma cells, depend on

what pigment they contain. When chloroplasts are present
in parenchyma cells, they photosynthesize. When colorless
plastids are present, they store products of photosynthesis.
• Information
• Which of the following is NOT a kind of connective tissue?
• Correct Answer:Nerve
• Information:
• Connective tissue is classified into three major categories.
• Fibrous connective tissuecontains fibroblasts and is separated by a jelly
like matrix containing white collagen fibers and yellow elastic fibers.
• Supportive connective tissueincludes cartilage and bones. They provide
structure, shape, protection and leverage.
• Fluid connective tissue includes the blood and the lymphatic fluids
What are the two main supportive connective tissues that provide structure, shape, protection and leverage for movement?
Correct Answer:Cartilage and bone
Information:strong>Hyaline cartilage is found at the end of the nose, at the end of long bones and the ribs, and walls of the respiratory
passages.
Elastic cartilage is found in the framework of the outer ear.

• Fibro cartilage is found in the pads between the vertebrae and the wedges in the knee joints.

• Trabecular bone (spongy bone) is found at the ends of long bones.

• Cortical bone (compact bone) makes up 80% of the adult skeleton

• Is blood a kind of a connective tissue?
• a. False b. Maybe c. In some cases d. True
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue located in blood vessels. It
has red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells as its
components.
• Submit
• Information
• _______ are features or structures of cells that make them different from other types of cells and at the
same time enables them to carry out unusual functions.
• Correct Answer:Cell modification
• Information:Cell modification is a feature or structure of the cell that makes it different from another type of
cell and at the same time enables it to carry out unusual functions.
• Cell theory describes the property of cells.
• Mutation is the changing of structure of genes.
• Adaptation is a mutation or genetic change that helps an organism survive in its environment.
• Cell modification in plants enables them to survive even in harsh environments.

• Correct Answer:True

• Information:Plants have specialized cells and parts to carry out specialized functions. These
specialized functions enable them to survive harsh conditions and enhance reproduction.
• Pitcher plants have tubular or vased-shaped leaves. What are the main functions of these modified leaves?

• Correct Answer:To trap prey and secrete fluid to digest its prey

• Information:The prey supplies the plant with protein, nitrogen and other minerals that may not be readily
available in the soil.
• ______ roots develop from the stem of even from the leaves.

• Correct Answer:Adventitious

• Information:Adventitious roots help under ground roots support the stem.

• Lateral roots are secondary roots that grow horizontally or diagonally.

• Fibrous root, as in most grasses having numerous very fine branches.

• Tap root is a large dominant root where other roots sprout laterally.
• What is the red blood cells adaptation?
• It has a biconcave disc-shape.
• It carries oxygen
• It has no nucleus and has biconcave disc-shape
• It has no nucleus.

• Red blood cells have biconcave disc-like shape to provide more surface area for gas exchange.

• They have no nucleus to make more space for hemoglobin.

• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Parenchyma cells?
• Correct Answer:Uneven cell wall
•
• Information:The function of parenchyma cells, depend on what pigment they contain.
When chloroplasts are present in parenchyma cells, they photosynthesize. When
colorless plastids are present, they store products of photosynthesis.
INTERNAL CELLULAR LOOK IN THE SLIDE
NOTES BELOW FOR

STRUCTURES
TOPICS TO CONSIDER
TALKING ABOUT
 • Look in the slide notes below for topics to consider
PROCESSES talking about
 • https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-
WORKS CITED 373388