EFFECTS OF FIBRE

ORIENTATION ON STATIC AND

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP
LAMINATED BEAM
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Under the guidance of

- Mr.Manoj, Scientist-B

- Wg Cdr T.B.S.Rao ( HOD )

 ABSTRACT
 This represents a comparative study on the effect
of fiber orientation on static and dynamic behavior
of a GFRP cantilever beam.
 The experiments have been carried out for
different fiber orientation for similar number of ply
layers and boundary conditions.
 Strain gauge and accelerometer sensors are used
for vibration data measurement. Effect of
accelerometer mass has also observed.
 INTRODUCTION
 Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are
extensively used in special structural applications
in aerospace, civil, mechanical and sports
industries.
 The reason why we use composite material, they
offers high strength, resistance, when compared
to other materials.
 To design a composite structure we perform static
and dynamic test.
 Static test is necessary from structural integrity
point of view while it is essential to know the
dynamic behavior of the structure under complex
operating conditions.
 If the frequency of the excitation load coincides
with one of the natural frequency of the structure,
a phenomenon called resonance occurs and the
structure experiences large translation/rotational
deflections.
 Thus, to avoid the resonance problem, it is
important to determine the fundamental frequency
of the structure.
 An experimental study is made on two GFRP
laminated beams, how fiber orientation affects
their static and dynamic behavior.
 FRP Composites And Their
Mechanical Behavior
Fiber reinforced polymer composite (FRP) is a
combination of two or more material at
macroscopic scale, and produces a useful third
material.
 The main advantages of composites are they
exhibit the best qualities of their constituent
materials. Comparing with other materials on unit
weight basis, a composite material offers improved
strength and stiffness.
 The properties that can be improved by forming
composite materials are as follows :
 Strength
 Stiffness
 Less Weight
 Corrosion Resistance
 Wear Resistance
 Attractiveness etc...
 FIBERS
 A fiber is a material made into a long filament with
a diameter generally in the order of 10 µm.
 Glass fibers are in the form of glass, which is
made of a number of oxides, such as silica oxide
from silica sand, together with other raw materials,
such as limestone, fluorspar, boric acid, and clay.
 Glass fibers have high strength, considering theirs
relatively low cost .
GLASS FIBERS:PROPERTIES AND
APPLICATIONS

 E Glass fiber: ~55% silica, good electrical

insulator having good strength and reasonable
Young’s modulus,
 C Glass fiber: ~65% silica, better resistance to
chemical erosion
 S Glass fiber: high silica content, can withstand
higher temperature than other glasses.
 MATRIX
 Matrix material is a polymer composed of
molecules made from many simpler and smaller
units called monomer.
 Polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most
widely used matrix materials in high performance
continuous-fiber composites.
INTERFACE
 Interface is where the fibers and matrix material
are chemically and physically bonded together.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
FRP COMPOSITES
 The mechanical properties of a FRP composite
depends on the ratio of fiber and matrix material,
their manufacturing process, mechanical
properties.
 Mechanical properties also depend on
reinforcement forms.
 When fiber breaks under tensile load, the matrix
resists the displacement by shear stress on lateral
surface of the fibers.
 SENSORS
 A sensor is a device that measures or
detects a physical quantity such as motion,
heat, sound or light.
 In this study strain gauge and accelerometer
sensors have been used.
 Strain Gauge: Principle and
working
 A strain gauge is a device which uses change in
electrical resistance to measure strain.
 To measure strain in a structure, strain gauge is
connected to Wheatstone Bridge.

R1/R3 = R2/R4
 STRAIN GAUGE INSTALLATION
PROCEDURE
 STEP-1
The initial step is to thoroughly degrease with
solvents such as CSM-1 Degreaser.
 STEP-2
Apply M-Prep Conditioner A and wet-abrade the
gage area.
 STEP-3
Apply a liberal amount of M-Prep Neutralizer 5A
to the gage area.
 STEP-4
Tack one end of the tape to the glass plate
behind the gage.
 STEP-5
Position the tape on the specimen.

 STEP-6
Leave enough space in the tape to allow a finger
to be slipped behind the gage to support it while
applying the adhesive.
 STEP-7
Coat specimen, with prepared adhesive.
 STEP-8
Lift the over end of tape and bridge it over the
adhesive at 30-degree angle. Use a firm pressure
with your fingers when wiping over the gage.

 STEP-9
Place a silicone gum pad and backup plate over
the gage.
 STEP-10
Apply force by spring clamp until the clamping
pressure occurs.

 STEP-11
The gage and terminal strip are now solidly
bonded
 ACCELEROMETER
 An accelerometer is most commonly used
transducer for vibration measurement due to its
small size, large frequency band and wide
sensitivity range.
 The Piezoelectric Accelerometer is widely
accepted as the best for the absolute
measurement of vibration.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TEST
MEASUREMENT
 Two geometrically identical GFRP beams are
taken for static and dynamic test. Both beams are
having 10 ply thicknesses.
 One of the beams is having unidirectional (UD)
fiber orientation while the other one has bi-
directional (BD) fibers.
 For this study, the beams are fixed at one end.
GFPR CANTILEVER BEAM STATIC
TEST
 The static test is performed on the cantilever
beams by adding weights at tip in suitable steps
and measuring the tip deflection and root strain in
the beam.

GFRP Cantilever Beam

GFRP cantilever
beam test setup
Strain
Indicator
Gauge

Digital Dial
Gauge
 GFRP CANTILEVER BEAM
DYNAMIC TEST
 The primary objective of the vibration
measurement is to determine the natural
frequency of the structure because if the natural
frequency of the structure matches with the
excitation frequency, resonance can cause
unforeseen failure.
 RESULTS
 The Strain and deflection values for both the
beams measured for different load steps. It is seen
that strains and deflections are quite large in
bidirectional laminated beam as compared to
unidirectional one. It can be concluded that for
same numbers of ply thickness, unidirectional fiber
orientation offers more resistance (strength) then
bidirectional fibers.
 It implies that deformation/strain recovery is fast in
unidirectional beam as compared to bidirectional
oriented fibers.
 Measured strains and deflections

Unidirectional GFRP Beam Bidirectional GFRP Beam

Sl.
N
Load (grams) Micro Strain Micro Strain Micro Strain Micro Strain
o deflection (mm) deflection (mm)
(loading) (loading) (loading) (loading)
.

1. 00.00 0 03 0.00 0 18 0
2. 100.72 198 197 1.84 284 304 2.83
3. 201.11 395 393 4.14 574 586 5.83
4. 500.46 982 974 10.94 1419 1443 14.50
5. 601.18 1175 1169 13.31 1709 1724 17.70
6. 701.57 1362 1362 15.53 2002 2002 20.92
Load Vs Strain, UD beam Load Vs Strain, BD beam
Loading and unloading Loading and unloading

Load Vs Strain for both Load Vs Deflection

UD and BD beam UD and BD beam
 The above figures show the strain and deflection
behavior of unidirectional and bidirectional
laminated beam under loading and unloading.
 The natural frequencies of GFRP cantilever beam
for first two modes are measured by impulse
response technique.
 It is observed that the natural frequency of
unidirectional laminated beam is higher than that
of bidirectional beam.
 Sensor mass plays an important role and it should
not be of the greater than 1/10th of the weight of
structure.
 CONCLUSION
The theoretical and experimental test results
indicate in fiber orientation in a laminated
beam yields different static and dynamic
behavior.
To confirm this proposed procedure extensive
study is required on different materials
ranging from metals to composites.
This allows the designer an extra freedom to
design the laminate.
 REFERENCES
 1. Robert M Jones, (1998), Mechanics of
Composite Materials, McGraw Hill publication,
New York
 2. Chakra pan Tuakta (2005), ME Thesis “Use of
fiber reinforced composite in bridge structures”
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
 3. Narayana Naik G. (2009) Lecture notes
“Introduction to composite materials” IISc
Bangalore, India
 4. Cyril M. Harris, Allan G. Piersol (2002),
HARRIS’SHOCK AND VIBRATION HANDBOOK,
Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill Publication, New York.
THANK YOU
QUERIES ?