LOGICAL

FALLACIES
PREPARED BY
SHILA MARIE A. PELEGRINO
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.Determine the types of logical fallacies

2.Detect fallacies from print and television advertisements
3.Formulate evaluative statements about the print and
television advertisements
 ACTIVITY
• 1. Watch closely the advertisement of the two famous brands of toothpaste
in the Philippines.
• 2. Discuss and decide which brand will your group buy. Write one reason for
buying a particular brand and for not buying the other.
• 3. Each group is given 5 minutes to accomplish the task
• 4. A representative in the group will discuss the answer.
 ANALYSIS
• 1. Did your group make a better choice? Why or why not?
• 2. Could you trust an advertisement if there is a expert appearing like a
dentist in advertisement of Colgate? Explain.
• 3. Will you believe that having good breath will lead you to your true love?
Why or why not?
• 4. Do you think there are advertisements that trick the consumers? Explain.
• 5. What should you do before buying a product?
ECONOMICS
 LOGICAL FALLACY

• It is derived from the Latin term “ fallacia” which means

deception, or trick.
• This refers to the error in reasoning that invalidate the
argument .
 APPEAL TO PITY

• The element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning

• Example:
• Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick
mother and a special child to support.
 BANDWAGON

• It occurs when an argument is considered to be valid

because it is what the majority thinks.
• Example:
• Most Filipinos want to have fair skin because they think they
look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real
standard of beauty.
 ATTACKING THE PERSON
“Ad Hominem”
• Unfairly attacking the person’s character and life
instead of the argument
• Example:
• I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were
not able to go to college.
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

• I occurs when the argument quotes an expert who is not

qualified for the particular subject matter.
• Example:
• Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, recommends the
effective fabric softening properties of Downy fabric softener.
 ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY

• The authority in question is not named or mentioned

• Example :
• Experts claim that eating peanuts cause pimples.
 HASTY GENERALIZATION

• It occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to

support a generalization about a population
• Example:
• Martha, the foreigner from France, is very impolite. French
people are mean and rude.
 FALSE ANALOGY

• It occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that

are similar in some ways are also similar in other way.
• Example:
• Drugs are like massages: they make you feel good.
 POST HOC

• The arguer claims that since event A happened before

event B, A is the cause of B.
• Example:
• Dina saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way,
they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be the reason why
they met an accident.
SUMMARY
Logical Fallacies
• 1. Appeal to Pity
• 2. Bandwagon
• 3. Attacking the Person
• 4. Appeal to Authority
• 5. Anonymous Authority
• 6. Hasty Generalization
• 7. False Analogy
• 8. Post Hoc
 ASSESSMENT

• 1. Work in your group to accomplish the different tasks given.

• 2. Each group is given 3 minutes to determine the fallacy of each
advertisement.
• 3. Write your answer on the Manila paper.
 Scoring System
• 1. Each correct answer will be given 2 points
3 ads x 2 points = 6 points
• 2. Behavior and cooperation = 4 points

• Total = 10 points
Television Commercial
DOVE
 ANSWERS

• 1. HASTY GENERALIZATION
• 2. FALSE ANALOGY
• 3. APPEAL TO PITY
 ASSIGNMENT

• Write statements from 5 advertisements that contain

logical fallacies. Indicate the type of fallacy being
committed by the advertisements.
Idiom –React