GRIDS OF THE FUTURE

PRESENTED BY:
RUKMINI DESHPANDE
NIRANJAN TAWARE
 ABSTRACT
• Smart grid (SG) is emerging as a new facet of power industry. It incorporates numerous advanced
technologies to deal issues prevailing with conventional electric networks. Though capable to resolve
many of these issues, SG is still facingchallenges in deployment. These challenges are associated with
adaption of emerging technologies, socio-economic issues, lack of policies and awareness. Since
Government of India (GoI) has initiated nationwide deployment of SG projects, the objective of this
paper is to identify challenges and issues in SG implementation. In such situation, it is primarily
essential to identify and discuss the barriers to overcome deployment concerns, including consumer's
acceptance. In this paper, such major challenges and issues for SG implementation have been
encapsulated. Considering the vision and roadmap of the Indian SG, an indicative assessment
framework has been developed and details are discussed here. A case study of solar PV awareness
survey has also been presented to understand consumers’ interest and concerns toward components of
SG.
WHAT IS SMART GRID?

• Modernization of grid & digitalization.

• Two way communication & Prevention of blackouts.
• Consumers and utility companies alike have tools to manage, monitor and respond to energy issues.
• Combination of renewable energy sources.
• Adding sensing, embedded processing and digital communications makes the grid:
Self healing, Interactive, Optimized, Secure, Predictable, Distributive
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
• Inadequacies in grid infra structure
In India, several electrical parts of country are unevenly connected to national grid in order to optimally
evacuate large wind farms or solar parks which otherwise demand for installation of entire
infrastructure.
• Cyber security
Cyber security is one of the substantial issues for operation, since any single loophole has a potential
threat to turn into disaster for utilities and individuals involved with grid.
• Storage concerns
Battery, the most common storage device, has very short life span of 4–5 years. Other storage
technologies like flywheels, thermal storage, hydrogen storage, etc. have their respective varying
concerns. Researchers found that Flywheels are very useful for supporting grid frequency for few
seconds but they are not stable for longer duration.
• Stability concerns
high penetration of renewables and MGs would raise stability concerns like
Angular stability due to lower overall system inertia.
Voltage stability due to lower power sharing support.
Low-frequency power oscillation.
Worsening of SG transients profile during MG islanding.
Inability to serve as system reserve.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
• High capital investment
With high initial investment involved, SG is beneficial from economical perceptive that is realized on a
long-term basis besides several technical advantages that it offers. Due to this initial capital
investment in SG technology that appears to be high and the prevailing Indian conditions with
inadequate financial health of Indian power utilities, SG deployment in India poses a major concern.
• Stakeholder's engagement
New technology, high capital investment, lack of accurate information, etc. leads to negative perception
of stakeholders that can derail even the SG project despite the highest potential benefits it offers.
• System operation aspects
Defining any unified guidelines for operation of system is irrelevant and a flexible approach is needed
from place to place for SG deployment.
• Lack of awareness
Educating people about SG is much essential for its acceptance. To induce the faith for acceptance,
society needs to be aware of SG. Myths create hurdles for any technology. Along with SG installation,
utilities also need to focus on consumer awareness programs to teach about power delivery system and
role of SG in building economy and efficiency. Consumers are also to be informed about economic and
environmental benefits of the technology.
• Privacy
Inadequacy in vigilance of huge data handling poses a risk of potential consumer privacy. Safety and
security of consumers’ information is of utmost concern. Breach of privacy of consumers’ information
may occur as consequence of any cyber threat or lack of proper policy as well.
• Fear of obsolescence
Very recently, user of smartphones, computers, etc. have witnessed the rapid growth of technology.
Consumers are well aware of how fast these new technologies are becoming obsolete despite the
additional benefits they bring forth. Further consumers are also aware that the higher costs associated
with these new technologies eventually comes to their shoulders only.
• Fear of electricity charge increase
Because of awareness paucity, consumers apprehend about the rate increase of electricity charges due
to SG deployment. They believe that because of integration of new technology, associated with other
factors the tariff would increase eventually.
• New tariff
New tariff scheme like as real time use, time of use, critical time pricing, etc. have proven advantages in
efficiency from operator's perceptive but each and every consumer may have his own opinion about it.
At present, consumers who are comfortable with existing scheme are not in general accepting the new
scheme willingly.
COMPARISION

EXISTING GRID SMART GRID

Electromechanical Digital
One way communication Two way communication
Centralized Generation Distributed Generation
Few Sensors Sensors Throughout
Manual monitoring Self monitoring
Manual Restoration Self Healing
Failures & Blackouts are possible No Blackouts
Smart Grid
Block Diagram
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SMART GRID
COMPONENTS
• Real-time Energy Control Approach for Smart Home Energy Management
System:
A demand response mechanism is used to allow households to participate in DR services. The half-hour-ahead
control approach combines rolling optimization (RO) and a real-time control strategy (RTCS) to achieve economic
energy consumption to benefit the household and allow dealing with complex operating environments. While RO
can schedule energy consumption off the high price periods based on forecast information, the RTCS can adjust
the real-time power for each appliance based on practical considerations. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to
determine the charging/discharging power level of the battery; proper rules are proposed to ensure the benefits
from operating the battery under the real-time electricity price. Simulation test results indicate that the proposed
control approach can optimize the schedule for home appliances and charging/discharging behavior of the
battery even when the forecast information is inaccurate. A physical test platform has also been built and tested
in the lab to support the operation of the whole system. Although the smart home can participate in demand
response services to shift loads off the peak load periods, new peak load periods might appear. Further studies
need to be carried out about the outcome of different DR mechanisms.
• Multi-stage Stochastic Optimal Operation of Energy-efficient Building with Combined Heat
and Power System:

To minimize the cost of energy use under uncertainty, one needs to determine the building’s daily optimal power
production of all energy sources, including the electric grid, battery, and combined heat and power (CHP) with a boiler
unit, considering controllable electric and thermal loads. A hybrid approach combining multi-stage mixed-integer
stochastic programming and the rolling scheduling method for the optimization task is used. Taking into account the
randomness of non-controllable electric and thermal loads as well as solar power generations through the multi-stage
scenario tree, the operation of energy-efficient buildings will be more robust against changes in uncertain variables. With
information of uncertainties updated hourly, the rolling scheduling method is introduced to determine an adaptive power
output of electric grid, charging/discharging status of the battery, and operation of the CHP with a boiler unit. The concept
of scenario reduction is introduced to take into account the intermittent characteristics of solar power generation and
imprecise forecasting of electric and thermal loads.
• Energy Management and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations:

Energy management and control aspects of an EV charging station, consists of an AC/DC converter to interface with the
grid and a number of DC/DC converters that control EV charging/discharging. Properly managed, and due to their
distributed and mobile nature as well as their high charge and discharge power demand, EV charging stations can
contribute to efficient use of renewable resources. For the gridside AC/DC converter, a direct-current control mechanism is
employed to control reactive power, AC system bus voltage, and DC-link voltage. This technique has demonstrated superior
performance for grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations of the charging station. On the other hand, for
EV-side DC/DC converters, constantcurrent and constant-voltage control mechanisms are used for charging and discharging
of simultaneous multiple EVs in a dynamic price framework.
• A Joint Smart Generation Scheduling Approach for Wind Thermal Pumped Storage Systems:

A two-stage generation scheduling approach is used for minimizing operating costs of an electric power system with mixed
wind power, pumped storage, and thermal power resources. In addition, the outcome accommodates uncertain wind power
as much as possible and evens out the output fluctuations encountered thermal units while making the system operate in a
relatively reliable way. At the outset, a day-ahead optimal thermal unit commitment (UC) and pumped storage schedule are
obtained. Subsequently, a real-time, pumped storage schedule is updated to compensate for wind power forecasting error
and therefore avoid curtailing wind power generation. A binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the
formulated problem is presented. The expected operating cost, net load demand, and net load duration curve are used to
evaluate the generation schedule. The impact of different pumped storage sizes in the system is also investigated.

• Permutation-based Power System Restoration in Smart Grid Considering Load Prioritization:

A new model for power system restoration within an optimized flexible duration considering available generator capability and
load prioritization is proposed here. The model formulates the power system restoration problem as a permutation-based
combinatorial optimization problem to maximize the restored load per unit time; this maximizes the restoration efficiency. A
quantum inspired differential evolutionary algorithm is applied to the problem due to its fast convergence and enhanced high-
population diversity. The outcome is a flexible system restoration plan that is needed to improve reliability and efficiency. A
flexible actionby-action time schedule for generator startup and load pickup considering load prioritization are obtained. The
effectiveness of the proposed restoration approach is tested using IEEE 39- and 57-bus systems, respectively.
• Robust Data Transmission upon Compressive Sensing for Smart Grid:

Smart grid implementation requires transmitting large sets of power system data. Loss of data packets during transmission will
clearly impact the quality of the received data. A robust data transmission method using compressive sensing (CS), which
replaces the least squares method by an L1 norm and linear programming reconstruct signals. At the sending end, multi-scale
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) translates the data into the wavelet domain. Then the wavelet coefficients are processed
through thresholding, and small wavelet coefficients are reset to zero. The DWT coefficients are sampled by the CS algorithm,
which are transmitted in the communication channel. At the receiving end, the CS sampled data are reconstructed to recover
the wavelet domain coefficients, and then wavelet inverse transforms are applied to recover the power system signals. the
method has lower ratio distortion error compared with direct data transmission

• A Statistical Data-fusion-based Framework for Wide-area Oscillation Monitoring:

Here power swing is monitored via a proposed multi-sensor multi-temporal data-fusion approach. Data fusion is the process of
combining data from different sources (sensors or phasor measurement units [PMUs]) to provide a complete description of an
environment or process. The outcome is useful in analyzing and monitoring wide-area signals obtained using synchronized
PMUs and, hence, in systematic assessment of wide-area stability. The approach involves four steps: data acquisition and
cleansing, feature extraction, feature-level fusion, and decision support. The method combines the ability of statistical
methods to identify dominant structures in an ensemble of observations with that of time frequency techniques to extract
temporal features. Exploratory data analyses demonstrate that the fusion of data from multiple sensors can substantially
increase the accuracy, reliability, and precision of wide-area measurements. The proposed approach is computationally simple
while generalizing conventional modal estimation to apply to fusing data collected from multiple sensors.
 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS IN SMART POWER GRID

• An article indicates that application of nanotechnology in electrical energy production and storage is in the early stages of
development and research. They present a brief overview for the recent and expected advances in nanotechnology
applications and benefits in photovoltaic (PV) cells, wind turbines (WTs), fuel cells, PEVs, energy storage batteries and
smart sensors, smart grid power electronics, computing, and communications.
• Applying nanotechnology to photovoltaics, will produce solar panels which might have double or triple the regular output.
• Wind turbines stand to be improved from high-performance nano-materials like graphene, a nano-engineered one-atom
thick layer of mineral graphite that is 100 times stronger than steel. Nanotechnology will enable light and stiff wind blades
that spin at lower wind speeds than regular blades.
• Coating the surface of an electrode with nanoparticles increases the surface area, thereby allowing more current to flow
between the electrode and the chemicals inside the battery. Such techniques could increase the efficiency of electric and
hybrid vehicles by significantly reducing the weight of the batteries.
• Research indicates that it is possible to develop electrical wires using carbon nanotubes that can carry higher loads and
transmit without power losses even over hundreds of kilometres. The implications are significant, as it would increase the
efficiency of generating power where the source is easiest to harness.
THANK YOU!