Upstream Process Engineering Course: 11. Utilities

Upstream Process
Engineering Course
11. Utilities
Upstream Process Engineering Course Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd. Utilities 1
Offshore Utilities
• Seawater • Fuel Gas

• Fresh Water • Aviation Fuel
• Cooling Water • HVAC
• Instrument / Plant Air • Chemical Injection
• Diesel Oil / Fuel Oil • Drilling Requirements
• Inert Gas • Drains
• Accommodation
Seawater
20-30ºC
CHLORINATION SEAWATER TO INJECTION WATER
30-35ºC
PACKAGE COOLERS SYSTEM
COARSE COOLING
1ppm FILTRATION
SEAWATER MEDIUM 30-35ºC
LIFT PUMP(S) 7 - 10 Bara Removal 95% COOLERS
4-18ºC over 120 mircons
BYPASS OVERBOARD
TO OTHER USERS
LAT POTABLE WATER MAKERS
FIREWATER RINGMAIN
12 m SERVICE WATER ETC
40 - 60 m Material Selection
Typical Seawater System Cunifer (CuNi)
Stainless Steel
Titanium
Seawater is supplied to the facility main deck level at pressure Seawater is used for :
of typically 7 - 10 Bara. Seawater supply temperature ranges
Process Cooling (Oil / Gas) Fire Main Pressurisation
from 4 - 18ºC. The seawater is dosed with hypochlorite to
Drilling Desalination
minimise marine growth then filtered prior to distribution to
Chlorination Utility Stations
the users.
Motor Coolers
Seawater
Seawater Usage
Cooling Services
The seawater may be used for direct process cooling and/or cooling a closed loop cooling medium
system.
Process Cooling - flowrate set by process requirements
Equipment Cooling - Motor specific
The seawater return temperature should not exceed approximately 30°C in order to prevent scale
formation. When calculating the seawater cooling requirements, the maximum design seawater
temperature and specific heat capacity valve of 4.0 kJ/kg°C should be used.
Drilling
During normal drilling operations, water at varying rates from 110 to 275 m3/hr may be required.
During emergency situations, water at a rate up to 500 m3/hr may be necessary.
Service Water
Service water is utilised for line flushing, washdown purposes, etc. Typical intermittent flowrate
specified is 50m3/hr
Other Users Typical consumption rates
Fire Main Pressurisation - 10 m3/hr HVAC - 30 m3/hr
Chlorination -10m3/hr / 600m3/hr seawater Desalination (Fresh Water) - 35 m3/hr
Seawater Lift
For seawater application, the vertical submersible type (as shown on
the right) or line shaft type pumps are generally used. The difference
between these types is that the position of the electrical motor. For the
submersible type the motor is located below the pump whereas for the
line shaft type, it is positioned above and connected via a solid
shaft.Submerged motor types are usually preferred since they can be
operated at higher speeds than equivalent line shaft units which results
in smaller units.
Design features of the submersible lift pump are:-
•The lift pumps have centrifugal characteristics and provide flowrates
up to 3000 m3/hr and 7 -10 Bara at deck level.
• A coarse strainer is fitted at the suction to prevent pump damage
from marine life / debris
• The pump suction is located normally 40 to 60 metres below sea
level to minimise the impact of marine life on operation.
• Sodium Hypochlorite is injected at the pump inlet to provide impeller
and motor protection against marine growth.
For seawater lift applications on FPSOs, the sea-chest pumps used are
horizontal centrifugal types.
Seawater Coarse Filtration
Seawater pumped to a facility requires filtration prior to
use. The seawater passes through a coarse filter which
will typically remove 95% of particle over 120 microns.
Operation
In the design shown, the seawater enters the base of the
strainer basket, passing radially outwards through the
strainer basket and leaves the vessel via the outlet nozzle
at the top.
On-line Cleaning
The filter will remain in operation during the back-
flushing operation. On automatic or manual initiation, the
back-flushing valve is opened and the hollow shaft
rotated, sweeping collector heads around the inner face of
the strainer basket. The pressure differential between the
vessel and back-flushing system forces filtered water back
through the strainer element, washing the collected solids
down the hollow shaft to the disposal system.
Fresh Water
Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis
Unit 1 Unit 2
Seawater RO Unit 1 Permeate
In Permeate (Product Water)
~
~
Concentrated salt water
for overboard disposal
Potable Water Reverse Osmosis Unit
• Fresh water is required for: • Fresh water is supplied by supply boat or generated
– Potable water (150 - 250 litres/day/person) offshore by:
– Process users (15 - 25 m3/day) – Vacuum distillation
– Drilling operations (50 m3/day): – Vapour compression; Note that these units are
getting out of date and are being replaced by
• cement mixing
membrane systems
• mud mixing
– Reverse osmosis (RO)
Fresh Water Cont’d
• Potable water is used for: • Typical fresh water discharge pressures:
– Drinking and domestic water (after – Potable water transfer pumps: 6 barg
further treatment by neutralising and – Service water transfer pumps: 4 barg
ultra-violet sterilisation) – Service water injection pumps: 24 barg
– Safety shower supplies – Service water transfer pumps: 3.4 barg
– Service water, i.e. desalting water,
cooling medium make-up and drilling
water • The storage capacity is usually based on
– Accommodation sprinkler system seven or fourteen days supply
• For drinking and domestic purposes the • Typical storage capacities:

water is fed to neutralising columns, – Potable water tanks: 80 m3 each
containing a granular lime based (one on-line, one filling, one stand-by)
mineral to improve taste and impart a – Service water break tanks: 5 - 10 m3
degree of alkalinity thereby reducing – Potable water header tanks: 4 - 5 m3
the corrosivity of the water
Cooling Systems
General
Cooling for process and utility systems are required. The three types of cooling systems usually
considered for use are :
• Direct Seawater (Open Loop)
• Closed Loop Cooling Water
• Air Cooling
Direct Seawater (Open Loop) System
The open loop system uses raw seawater taken directly from the topsides distribution system and
routed to each cooler. The returned seawater is either dumped overboard or routed to the water
injection system. The seawater is normally treated with chemicals to minimise corrosion and the
exchanger material selection will have to be corrosion resistant.
Closed Loop system
Closed loop cooling uses a circulated cooling medium. Seawater is used to cool to returned cooling
medium. The medium normally consists of a glycol / water mixture (glycol concentration 30-40wt%).
Air Cooling System
Air cooling is normally used for cooling emergency generators and other essential equipment which
must continue to be cooled in the event of open /closed loop cooling system. Their application for
process cooling is normally found on onshore facilities due to the large footprint requirements.
Cooling Systems Cont’d
To Atmospheric Vent
Typical Closed Loop System
N2 Blanket
Design Rules of Thumb
-
Expansion Expansion Tank -2 mins. Residence time
Tank
Pump Capacity - 125% of design rate
Pump Configuration - 3 x 50%
Medium
Process Filter
Coolers
Seawater Circulation
Coolers Pumps
Design Supply / Return Temperatures Temperature Approaches

Open Loop Cooling water return temperatures should be
Supply - Max. Ambient limited for practical operation purposes to
Return - 30-35°C (Scale dependent) within :
Closed Loop • 8°C of a hot process liquid temperature
Supply - 5°C above Seawater Temperature
• 5°C of a hot condensing hydrocarbon outlet
Return - 50°C
Cooling Systems Cont’d
Open / Closed System Comparison
System Advantages Disadvantages

Open Loop - simple once through system - expensive exchanger materials
- less labour intensive - major constraint on applicable
- lighter system temperature range
- potential for scaling
- limited choice of exchangers
Closed Loop - cooling water properties - additional equipment(CM system)
and conditions can be controlled - more labour intensive
- less expensive exchangers - heavier system (overall)
- system availability
The selection of the cooling system is normally determined on a case by case basis since each system has its
benefits. The choice of system is decided by considering Capex and Opex costs over field life.
Instrument / Plant Air
PSHL
Inert Gas Generation
Air Compressor Air Filter Drilling Instrument Air

Packages Packages
Instrument Air Instrument Air Header
Receiver
PC
HVAC
Cooler
Plant Air
Receiver Drilling Conveying Air
Black Start Air
Black Start Air Filter Package
Compressor Package Plant Air Header
Black Start
Air Receiver Drilling Plant Air
Cooler
Typical Combined Instrument And Plant Air

• Instrument air should be oil free, dust free and dry, is • Plant air does not have any particular specifications,
typically provided at 7 - 9 barg and may be used for: is typically provided at 7 barg (minimum) and may
– Instrument actuators (largest user) be used for:
– Motor purging/pressurisation – Platform hoists
– Flare ignition – Air driven tools
– Inert gas generation – Paint spraying
– Diving (air winches etc.)
Instrument / Plant Air Cont’d
• Instrument Air: • Plant air:
Consumption rates for instrument air should be If no specific information is available, the
based on all instruments operating plant air requirements may be taken to be
simultaneously and then applying a design equal to the instrument air requirements.
margin typically 30%. Typical consumption figures:
– Each instrument component: 8.5 Sm3/h – Grinder (6”/8”): 90 Sm3/h
– Motors, positioners and purge air: 5 - 18 Sm3/h – Sump pump: 130 Sm3/h
– Paint sprayer: 150 - 250 Sm3/h
Typical instrument air requirements for a ‘large’ – Rotary drill (3/8”) 40 - 75 Sm3/h
offshore type facility may be as follows
(drilling excluded): Typically, the plant air requirements for a
– Air for instruments: 950 Sm3/h ‘large’ offshore facility may be as follows:
– Motor purging/pressurisation: 180 Sm3/h
– Platform hoists: 400 Sm3/h
– Flare ignition (intermittent): 40 Sm3/h
– Air driven tools: 120 - 150 Sm3/h
– Inert gas generation: 170 Sm3/h
– Paint spraying: 150 - 250 Sm3/h
– Diving: 300 - 1200 Sm3/h
Instrument / Plant Air Cont’d
• Air Compression: • Air Receivers

– The compressor types preferred are: – Air receivers are necessary to damp pressure
• Oil free centrifugal air compressors surges in the system and provide storage which
(2000 - 30000 Sm3/h) will maintain an air supply on compressor
• Dry running oil free rotary compressor, failure
generally with two stages and – The volume of storage required is given by:
intercooling (1000 - 5000 Sm3/h)
• Oil injected rotary screw compressor t Q
V
(150 - 2500 Sm3/h) 57  P1  P2 
V Storage volume (m3)

• Air Dryers:
P1 Normal operating pressure (bara)
– Instrument air should be dried to a P2 Minimum acceptable pressure (bara)
suitable dewpoint at operating pressure
t Required duration of flow from storage (min)
(typically minus 40oC)
Q Air flow required (Sm3/h)
• The time allowed for start-up of a standby

compressor is typically five minutes
Diesel Systems
Crane Drivers
To Drill Packages Drill Package Diesel Drivers
To Drilling Burners Emergency Generators
Mud Mixing Black Start Air Compressor Driver
PC Chemical Injection
From Supply PC Auxiliary Fire Pumps
Heating Medium Heaters
Boat
PC Power Plant Main Turbines
Filter Coalescer
PC
Diesel Fuel
Inlet Diesel Transfer Untreated Diesel PC
Strainer Pump Fuel Strainer Raw Diesel
Bulk Diesel
Centrifuge Centrifuged Coalesced
Storage Diesel Diesel
Storage Storage
Water Removal Tank Tank
Water Removal
Typical Flow Scheme for Diesel Distribution

• Diesel may be used by: Quality • Diesel Usage Rates:
– Gas Turbine Generators 10 ppm free water, 1mm solids – Gas Turbines: 25 to 30% efficiency
– Heating medium Heaters 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids on installed power
– Diesel (emergency) Generators 10 ppm free water, 1mm solids – Engines: 0.25 kg/kWh
– Diesel Firewater Pumps 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids – Fired Heaters: 75 to 80% efficiency
– Miscellaneous Diesel Drives 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids on thermal rating
– Lifeboats 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids
– Cranes 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids • Storage Capacity:
– Mobile/Temporary Users 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids – Drilling: 5 to 7 days
– Drilling Package Engines 200 ppm free water, 5 mm solids – Life support: 10 to 14 days
– Drilling Operations No treatment (raw diesel) – Production: 0 days
Inert Gas
To N2 Distribution
PCV
N2 Receiver
Instrument Air
Membrane
Standby N2 Bottles
Typical N2 Generation Scheme (Membrane)

• Inert gas is utilised for purging and blanketing • The inert gas system should be sized to fully purge the largest
purposes: section of isolated equipment within one shift, whilst meeting
– Purging of: blanketing requirements
• gas compression trains • For pressure purge (typically 5 barg) the system is purged 2 or
• gas pig launchers/receivers 3 times. For sweep purging at atmospheric pressure, the inert
gas requirement is 3 times the system volume
– Blanketing of:
• Blanketing of flotation units typically requires 0.015 to 0.03
• produced water flotation units
m3/h per m3 of cell volume
• heating medium expansion tanks
• Source of inert gas:
• lube and seal oil tanks
– Inert gas generator (diesel or gas fired; purity 0.5% O2)
– Gas freeing of vessels for maintenance
– Pressure swing absorption (PSA; 0.5 - 3.0% O2)
– Snuffing of local vents
– Membrane generated N2 (0.1 - 5.0% O2)
• HP inert gas may be used to kick off wells, in which
– Air liquefaction (99.999+% N2)
case further HP compression is required
Inert Gas
• Advantages of liquid nitrogen over the • Disadvantages:
other sources: – Not suitable when a continuous demand exists
– Very pure nitrogen (99.999+%) – Liquid nitrogen pods delivered by supply boats,
– High inert gas rates achievable which must be well protected in a cradle
– No gas compression required - pressure
vessel can operate at 10 barg
– Low heating requirement - ambient air
vaporiser can raise temperature to within
10oC of ambient
– No cooling water
– Low maintenance
• Nitrogen is stored in high pressure cylinders. Batteries consist of of 12 to 15 cylinders and are
manifolded together to provide 80 to 100 Nm3 of high purity nitrogen
• Cylinders are usually chosen when no continuous inert gas flow is required and purging/blanketing
flows are relatively small
• Inert gas need not necessarily be Nitrogen. Tankers and FPSO’s use combustion products from burning
diesel as inert gas for tank blanketing
Fuel Gas Systems
To Vent / Flare
PC
Fuel Gas
Knockout To Fuel Gas
Fuel Gas from Drum Manifold
Supply Source
LC Fuel Gas Heater
To LP users
Power Supply
To Closed Drains
Typical Fuel Gas Conditioning Scheme

• Fuel gas is used for/as: • Usually two pressure levels:
– Gas Turbines for Power Generation – HP Gas Turbines (10 - 20 bar)
– Gas Turbines for Compressor Drivers – LP Fired Heaters, Blanket Gas, Purge Gas,
– Fired Heaters Stripping Gas (0.1 - 2.0 bar)
– Stripping Gas
• Glycol Regeneration • Some gas engines need very high inlet pressures
(Foinaven, approx. 300 bar)
– Blanket and Purge Gas
Fuel Gas Systems
• The fuel gas quality is set by the user that demands – A fuel gas knock out drum should be provided
the highest specification, which normally is the upstream of the heater to remove any entrained
power generation or machinery drivers particles
– Solids content: < 30 ppm (wt)
– Water content: < 0.25% water above saturation • Fuel Gas Storage:
at the point of use – The fuel gas knock out drum should be sized for a
– Supply temperature: A fall in temperature of holding capacity of 20 seconds to enable automatic
11oC should not result in condensation or changeover to liquid fuel in the event of loss of fuel
hydrate formation gas
– Calorific value: Ideally the net calorific value
should be between 33.5 and 41 MJ/Sm3 • Materials:
– Sulphur components: Moderate levels of – Normally carbon steel is adequate for fuel gas
sulphur bearing components are not a problem systems. If wet gas with carbon dioxide is expected,
provided that the temperature of the stainless steel may be required for equipment and
combustion products is maintained above the pipework.
acid gas dewpoint.
– If hydrogen sulphide presence is expected,
equipment and piping should be designed in
• Fuel Gas Conditioning: accordance with NACE std. MR-01-75
– Fuel gas should be heated to approx. 20oC • Emissions
above its water and hydrocarbon dewpoints
– Fuel gas should preferably be treated in order to
– Fuel gas should be filtered to remove 99.5% of minimise harmful combustion emissions eg. Remove
particles > 5 mm any H2S to prevent SOx emissions
Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
• HVAC systems are designed to achieve the • HVAC facilities contain:
following: – Air conditioning systems
– Ensure a safe environment under all working • Supply air temperature range: 13.5 - 15.0oC
conditions • Relative humidity: 35 - 65%
– Ensure adequate standard of personnel comfort – Mechanical ventilation systems
and equipment operating environment • Supply air temperature range: 19.5oC max design
ambient ventilation only; 13.0oC ventilation with
cooling
Air Inlet
Process
Modules
– System to enable pressurisation of the modules
Fire & Gas
Damper Fixed • Controlled pressurisation levels of between 70
Fan Blade N/m2 and 120 N/m2 above atmospheric pressure
Louvres are maintained by pressure control dampers,
mounted in the enclosure extract/relief systems
MCC Extractor Fan – Natural ventilation system; A key variable in the
Fan
design of HVAC systems is the amount of air
Telecoms changes per hour.
• For respiration purposes a minimum of 12
Fan Heating /
Quarters
liters per second per person should be
AC Unit
supplied.
• For analyser houses/control rooms the
Recirculation Fan
number should be 12 volume changes per
hour
Typical HVAC System
Chemical Injection
• Chemicals are often required to ensure the satisfactory operation of
the process and utility systems installed on offshore platforms
• Most chemicals are supplied in either 55 US gallon drums or 2

tonne bulk units
• Chemical Injection Pumps:

– positive displacement variable flow
Chemical Injection Skid
– spared for continuous or frequent duty Schiehallion
– multiple heads for multiple injection points
– IRCDS-system (Injection Rate Control + Distribution System)
• Storage:
– Two storage or mix tanks should be provided for each
chemical
– Total volume should be sufficient for 10 - 14 days injection at
rated capacity
– The tank size of a mix tank should be suitable for making up a Chemical Injection Skid
batch from a standard sized container Curlew
Chemical Injection
Chemicals for Crude Oil Streams
Chemical (1) Typical Injection Points Typical Dosing Preliminary Notes:
Rates Rate Estimates
ppm ppm
Emulsion Breaker 1st Stage and Test Separator Inlets 10 to 60 25 1 Required chemicals depend
Desalter Inlet 5 to 10 5 (2)
Atmospheric Separator Inlet 5 to 10 5 (2)
on particular application
Coalescer Inlets 5 to 10 5 (2) 2 Replenishment to bring chemical
Anti-Foam 1st Stage and Test Separator Inlets 1 to 100 5 additive to effective dosage
Desalter Inlet 1 to 10 2 (2)
Pour Point Downhole Export Pump Inlet 50 to 100 100
Depressant 5 to 100 10 (2)
Scale Inhibitor Heater Inlets 1 to 5 2.5
Corrosion Inhibitor Downhole Export Pump Inlet 5 to 10 5
Chemicals for Water Injection Streams

Chemical (1) Typical Injection Points Typical Dosing Preliminary Notes:
ppm ppm
Coagulent Filter Inlet 0.5 to 5.0 2.0 1 Required chemicals depend
Anti-Foam Deaerater Inlet 0.1 to 5.0 1.0 on particular application
Oxygen Scavenger Deaerater Outlet 5.0 to 10.0 5.0 2 Batch injection based on 4 hours
Scale Inhibitor Deaerater Outlet 5 to 15 5.0
Biocide Deaerater Outlet/ 50 to 200 50 (2)
twice a week
Injection Water Filters/ 3 Batch injection based on 6 hours
Injection Pump outlet once a fortnight
Surfactant Water Injection wells 5.0 5.0 (3) 4 Batch injection based on 24 hours
Corrosion Inhibitor Injection Pump Inlet 5.0 5.0
Sodium Hypochlorite Injection Pump Outlet 30 30 (4) once a fortnight (alternative to
Biocide)
Chemical Injection
Miscellaneous Chemicals
Stream Chemical (1) Typical Injection Points Typical Dosing Preliminary
ppm ppm
Produced Water Emulsion Breaker Produced Water Degasser Inlet 5 to 10 5
Ballast Water Anti-Foam Ballast Water Separators 5 to 10 5
Ballast Water Degasser Inlet 1 to 5 1
Coagulent Flotation Unit Inlet 5 5
Seawater Sodium Hypochlorite Lift Pump Suction 4 (2)
Scale Inhibitor Lift Pump Discharge 5 5
Cooling Medium/ Corrosion Inhibitor Circulation Pump Suction 1000 1000
Hot Water Circuits (top-up only)
Fresh Water Scale Inhibitor (Potable Grade) U/S & D/S of Potable Water 5 5
Makers
Chlorine/Hypochlorite D/S of Potable Water Makers 1 to 2
Gas Streams Corrosion Inhibitor Gas Pipeline 1 to 10 5
Methanol As required
Glycol System PH Control Chemical By Glycol Package Vendor
Anti-Foam By Glycol Package Vendor
Sludge Recovery Emulsion Breaker Upstream of Sludge Heater 5 to 10 25
Notes:
1 Required chemicals depend on particular application

2 Typical regulatory requirement for cooling water discharge: < 1 mg/litre residual chlorine
Drilling Requirements
• Apart from the actual drilling equipment (rotary rig, drill string, • Generally the difference in dry and operating weight
drill pipes etc.) a basic drilling system requires: on a drilling rig can be huge (stored mud etc.)
– A drilling fluid or mud to cool the drill bit and remove the • Drilling systems are usually designed by specialist
cuttings. Drilling mud can be based on: engineers
• Oil (OBM) which is no longer considered
environmentally acceptable, or
• Water (WBM), which is most frequently used
– A mud circulation (clean up) system, which requires:
• Shale shaker, to remove cuttings
• Desander and desilter (hydrocyclone) to remove
fine particles
• Mud tanks, to store the cleaned mud (very large)
• Mud pumps, to circulate the mud
– A blowout prevention system (BOP) to control formation
fluids entering the wellbore
– A cement system to provide support for the casing and
create a hydraulic seal between formation and casing
– The usual utilities, i.e. diesel, seawater, potable water etc.
Drilling Rig
Basic Mud Mixing Method
High Pressure Mud Pumps
Mud Processing Schematic
Typical Bulk Cement System
Cement Mixing System
Drains
Closed Drains System Open Drains System
Closed Open Drains Open Drains
To LP Flare Haz. Deck Area
Drains Safe deck Area
Closed Drains
Open Drains Open Drains
Vessel LC
Haz. Modules Safe Modules
Closed
Atmosferic
Drains Chemical
Injection Vent
Purge Vent Purge Vent
O/Flow O/Flow
M M
Return Oil To
Production To Sludge Seawater
Separators Cell Discharge
GFU
Reclaimed Oil Tank/Pumps Oily Water Tank/Pumps Oily Water Separator
Typical Drainage System

– Closed Drains: – Hazardous Open Drains
• To collect hydrocarbon drainage from • Drainage from hazardous areas,
pressurised and hazardous equipment including fire water deluge drainage
• Vapours from the closed drains vessel • Gravity flow to oily water tank
are routed to the LP flare – Non-hazardous Open Drains
• Liquids from closed drains vessel are • Drainage from safe areas
either routed to the oily water tank or • Gravity flow to oily water tank,
the production separators including fire water deluge drainage
Drains
• Closed Drains: • Closed Drains Headers:

– All equipment drains should be protected by locked – Sized to allow drainage of the largest vessel in one
closed block valves hour
– Where there is a risk of blockage by sludge or – If the capacity of the closed drains vessel is not
hydrates, individual drain lines from equipment up greater than the largest vessel, the outflow line(s)
to the drain headers should be rated for the same from the closed drains vessel should be sized for a
pressure as the equipment being drained higher capacity than the inflow
– Where there is a possibility of hydrate formation,
lines should be heat traced and insulated
• Closed Drains Vessel:
– The closed drains vessel may be designed as a two
– Capacity of closed drains vessel = volume of
or three phase separator:
largest vessel + 10%
• Three phase separator: water is directed to the
This size is generally impractical for large
oily water (open drains) tank for final clean
production trains. Therefore, reduce the capacity
up
by the storage volume in the reclaimed oil tank.
• Two phase separator: oil/water returned Further capacity reduction may be gained by
upstream of the last three phase production dumping the crude or sludge to storage cells
separator
– The reclaimed oil tank overflow may be directed to
the sludge cell in a GBS platform. Otherwise it
should be directed to a drains disposal caisson with
oil recovery pump
Accommodation Modules
• An accommodation module usually contains: • A typical manning breakdown for a deepwater
North Sea platform is as follows:
– Basic requirements e.g. beds; function of manning – Management Services 11%
level and simultaneous operations, galley etc. – Catering 10%
– Fresh water (250 litre/day/man) – Production 12%
– Maintenance 23%
– Power supply (2.5 - 3.0 kW/man)
– Construction 15%
– Seawater – Drilling 21%
– Cooling/Heating medium – Visitors/Contingency 8%
– Black water / Grey water disposal
– HVAC
– Lifeboats
– Helideck
– ATK system
– Sprinkler system
• The utilities used in the accommodation blocks should be

physically separated from the process utilities
• The accommodation often serves as temporary refuge and
should therefore be fire proofed
• The accommodation should be remote from drilling and
process areas
Onshore Utilities
Utilities required for onshore processing differ mainly due to the size of onshore facilities
and the extra space available. Some of the key systems are discussed briefly below:-
Cooling Water
Most onshore facilities make use of a closed circuit cooling water system, with the water
cooled by fin-fan coolers or cooling water towers. If the location is suitable, use may be made
of water from sources such as rivers or sea.
Steam
Steam is normally used onshore as the prime form of heating medium. It as also used for a
number of other purposes eg. machinery drives, purging and inerting, cleaning, snuffing.
Steam is generated in the works power station, often using waste heat as input. A key utility
required for steam generation is boiler quality feed water. This requires a significant amount
of water treatment equipment (demineralisation etc).
Onshore Utilities
Plant Air & Instrument Air
The plant and instrument air requirements for an onshore plant are very similar to those of an
offshore facility - simply more space to locate them.
Inert Gas
Most onshore facilities will provide on site Nitrogen generation. The method will depend on
the volume required. Liquid nitrogen plants are economic if the demand is very high but for
small to medium demands, Pressure Swing Absorption or Membrane generation is more
applicable.
Fuel Gas/Fuel Oil
Fuel is normally required for power generation onshore. If fuel gas from the hydrocarbon
stream being processed is available, this is treated and used in the same way as offshore.
Combustion emission constraints may be more strict onshore, and power turbine and fuel gas
requirements have to be designed to take account of this.
Where fuel gas is unavailable, storage of diesel/fuel oil is provided (SVT approx. 1000 m3
capacity).
Onshore Utilities
Drains
The design of an onshore facility drains system should be settled at an early stage as it is not
usually practical to increase drain capacity once installed. The intent of an effluent drains
system is similar to offshore in that discharges should be limited to clean water. Onshore,
however, the water quality constraints are much more stringent. This leads to the use of
settling tanks/ponds etc.
Drain systems need to be designed to avoid flooding of vulnerable points such as pump pits
etc. Flooding by rain water, and the potential for effluent carryover into water courses etc
should also be reviewed carefully.
Flare
Gaseous effluents onshore should be burnt or discharged from a tall stack so that fumes are
not obnoxious to the site or public. Flare stacks are normally sited long way from the process
plant and the immediate area around it is “sterilised” due to high noise and radiation. Ground
flares can also be used in areas where no visible flame is required (eg Wytchfarm)

Upstream Process Engineering Course: 11. Utilities

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Upstream Process Engineering Course: 11. Utilities

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Upstream Process

• Seawater • Fuel Gas

• For drinking and domestic purposes the • Typical storage capacities:

Design Supply / Return Temperatures Temperature Approaches

System Advantages Disadvantages

Air Compressor Air Filter Drilling Instrument Air

Typical Combined Instrument And Plant Air

• Instrument Air: • Plant air:

• Air Compression: • Air Receivers

V Storage volume (m3)

• The time allowed for start-up of a standby

Typical Flow Scheme for Diesel Distribution

Typical N2 Generation Scheme (Membrane)

Typical Fuel Gas Conditioning Scheme

• Most chemicals are supplied in either 55 US gallon drums or 2

• Chemical Injection Pumps:

Chemicals for Water Injection Streams

1 Required chemicals depend on particular application

Typical Drainage System

• Closed Drains: • Closed Drains Headers:

• The utilities used in the accommodation blocks should be

Вам также может понравиться