WHAT IS COORDINATION?

Coordination is joining two related

ideas of equal importance. It
normally uses the COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS; For, And, Nor,
But, Or, So (FANBOYS) to connect
two independent clauses.
e.g. Original sentence: I  spent  my  entire  paycheck 
last week. I am staying home this weekend.
Revised sentence: I spent my entire paycheck 
last week, so I am staying home this weekend.
A coordinating conjunction is a
word that joins two independent
clauses. The most common
coordinating conjunctions are
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and
so. Note that a comma
precedes the coordinating
conjunction when joining two
clauses.
Independent Coordinating Independent Revised
Clause Conjunction Clause Sentence
I will not be
for
I will not be attending the
(indicates a I have no one to
attending the dance, for I
reason or go with.
dance. have no one to
cause)
go with.

I plan to stay
and I will complete
I plan to stay home, and I will
(joins two an essay for
home. complete an
ideas) class.
essay for class.

Jessie isn’t
Jessie isn’t nor going to be at
Tom won’t be
going to be at (indicates a the dance, nor
there either.
the dance. negative) will Tom be
there.
 The fundraisers
The fundraisers are hoping for a
but
are hoping for a I don’t think many record-breaking
(indicates a
record-breaking people are going. attendance, but I
contrast)
attendance. don’t think many
people are going.
I might go to the
next fundraising
I might go to the or I might donate
event, or I might
next fundraising (offers an some money to the
donate some
event. alternative) cause.
money to the
cause.
My parents are
My parents are yet worried that I am
I have many
worried that I am (indicates a antisocial, yet I
friends at school.
antisocial. reason) have many friends
at school.
Buying a new
dress is expensive,
Buying a new so By staying home I
so by staying
dress is expensive. (indicates a result) will save money.
home I will save
money.
SUBORDIANTION combines
one independent clause (one 
that  can  stand  alone,  or  the 
main  clause)  and one
dependent, clause (cannot 
stand  alone). Dependent
clauses are marked by
subordinating conjunctions.
The common subordinating
conjunctions are the following:

after as long if since though where who

as
although because in order so unless whereas whom
to
as before provided so until which whose
that that
as if even rather that when while
though than
Examples of subordinate clauses
joined with independent clauses:
 Even though I am scared of flying, I
am taking a plane to Spain.
 Since I am graduating next month,
I need to start looking for a job.
 My sister’s favorite subject is math,
whereas I prefer English.
 Jane’s essay had many
grammatical errors because she
did not proofread it.
RECOGNIZING DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct or quoted speech is spoken or
written text that reports speech or
thought in its original form phrased by
the original speaker; in narrative, it is
usually enclosed in quotation marks
Indirect or restated speech is a speech
which tells you what someone said, but
it does not use the person’s actual
words. Indirect speech does not use
quotation marks.
Procedure of changing direct speech into
indirect speech
Remove comma and inverted commas.
Put "that" between the reporting and
reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that"
between the reporting and reported speech)
Change the 1st letter of reported speech into
small letter except for "I"
Change the pronoun of the direct speech
according to the rules (see table 2)
Change the tense of the direct speech
appropriately according to rules (see table 3).
Study the changes when changing Direct to Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Word Indirect Speech Word
Here There
Today that day
this morning that morning
Yesterday the day before
Tomorrow the next day
next week the following week
next month the following month
Change of place and time Now Then
Ago Before
Thus So
Last Night the night before
This That
These Those
Hither Thither
Hence Thence
Come Go
Change in Tenses
The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.

Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Simple Present
To
Simple Past "I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always
drank coffee.
Present Continuous
To
Past Continuous "I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was
reading a book
Present Perfect
To
Past Perfect She said, "He has finished his work. She said that he had
finished his work.
Present Perfect Continuous
To
Past Perfect Continuous "I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he
had been to Spain.
Simple Past
To
Past Perfect "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived
on Saturday
Past Perfect
To
Past Perfect (No Change In Tense) "I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained
that he had just turned
out the light.
Past Continuous
To
Past Perfect Continuous "We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had
been living in Paris.
Future
To
Present Conditional "I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said. He said that he would be in
Geneva on Monday.
Future Continuous
To
Conditional Continuous She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday.“ She said that she
would using the car next Friday.
Changes in Modals
Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech
CAN changes into COULD He said, "I can drive a car“ He said that he could drive a
car.

MAY changes into MIGHT He said, "I may buy a computer.“ He said that he might buy
a computer.

MUST changes into HAD TO He said, "I must work hard.” He said that he had to
work hard.

These Modals Do Not Change: Would, could, might, should, ought to.
Would They said, "we would apply for a visa. They said that they would apply for visa.
Could He said, "I could run faster." He said that he could run faster.
Might John said, "I might meet him." John said that he might meet him.
Should He said, "I should avail the opportunity.“ He said that he should avail the
opportunity.
Ought to He said to me, "you ought to wait for him.“ He said to me that I ought to wait for
him.
The Perfect Tense Examples
The Perfect Tense
Remember that the tense of a verb refers to the time of the action
or state of being.

The perfect tenses expresses action that is already completed.

The present perfect tense expresses a present action that began

in the past and is now completed in the present.

The past perfect tense expresses an action that began in the past,
was completed in the past before something else occurred.

The future perfect tense expresses an action that will be

completed by some point in the future.
To form the perfect tenses, you must
use auxiliary verbs.

Present Perfect-Present tense of have

+ past participle

Past Perfect-Past tense of have + past

participle

Future Perfect-Will or shall + have +

past participle
It is easier to understand the perfect tenses by looking at some
examples:
1) I have put the money in the machine. (present perfect)
2) I had finished my homework before mom called me for dinner.
(past perfect)
3) By the time the show is over, Marie will have danced for 40
minutes. (future perfect)
4) The class has been outside for recess. (present perfect)
5) Jeff tried to hide the vase because he had broken it. (past perfect)
6) By the time I am 18, I will have saved over $2,000. (future perfect)
7) My sister has taken martial arts lessons for six years. (present
perfect)
8) I had watched almost all of the show before the power went off.
(past perfect)
9) Do you think the lunchroom will have cooked enough pizza for all
of us? (future perfect)
10) Will had won the race every year until this year. (past perfect)
THE ODYSSEY
By: Homer