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The Internet & DNS

KHAWAR BUTT
CCIE # 12353 [R/S, SECURITY, SP, DC, VOICE, STORAGE & CCDE]
Overview
 The Internet
 Basic Services / Protocols on the Internet
 DNS c

 DNS Communication Process

The Internet
 The “Internet” is a global system of interconnected computer networks that connects all the
individual networks to each other.

 These networks include the Government, Schools, Colleges, Universities, Private Businesses,
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Individual people etc. It is also called the “Network of Networks”.

 It uses a common protocol [Language] to allow networks to communicate to each other. The
protocol is called the Internet Protocol [IP].

 Each device connected to the Internet is uniquely identified using an address known as the IP
Address. [200.1.1.5]. This unique IP Address is known as the Public Address of the device.

 These addresses are controlled by an entity known as the Internet Address Numbers Authority
(IANA).

 IANA allocates the addresses to the ISPs. The ISPs are responsible for assigning the IP
Addresses to Companies and Individual users and making sure they are unique.
Basic Services/Protocol on the Internet
 Web Services: The most common service on the Internet. It is used to provide
information to the End-Users. It uses a protocol called HTTP to allow a client
using an application called a browser to connect to the a Server that is running
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the Web Server.

 E-Mail Services: Another common service on the Internet is the E-Mail

services. It allows end-users and companies to send mail messages to each
other. It uses a protocol called SMTP to allow a client to send E-mails.

 Name Services: It allows devices to communicate to each other using Names

rather than IP Addresses. It uses a protocol called DNS to allow client to resolve
the Name of a device to its corresponding address. This service is explained
later in this module.
Internet Connections
Home AP /
PC WiFi PC PC
Router
PC
PC PC

WiFi PC PC
WiFi PC

ISP
Switch

Switch
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Internet
Company ISP Company
Router ISP Router

ISP ISP
PC

PC
PC
ISP Switch
Home AP /
Switch Router

WiFi PC WiFi PC

DNS Web
Server E-Mail Server
DNS Web Server
Server E-Mail Server
Server PC PC
Switch
Domain Name System (DNS)
 When we want to access a server on the Internet like Facebook, Google etc., we need to know the Server’s IP Address.

 As humans, we are used to addressing entities using names not addresses. For example, if we want to go to a City,
we will use the name of the city, not its Postal Code/Zip Code.

 c So a mechanism was designed to make it easier for users

But the Internet communications are based on Addresses.
to access resources on the Internet.

 The companies had to register a Domain Name in addition to acquiring an IP Address range from the ISP.

 The company would then assign the servers a name in addition to the unique IP Address.

 The users could refer to the server using its name rather than the IP Address.

 A server known as the Domain Name System (DNS) was designed to provide the resolution between the Name of the
device to its IP Address.

 Each Domain would have its own DNS Server that would do the name resolution for that Domain/Company devices.

 The IP Address of the DNS / Name Server for the Domains is on the Root DNS Servers.
DNS Communications
Home AP / ISP DNS
Router Server
IP Address:
Root DNS Server:
150.5.1.11
Option 1 : 50.5.5.5
ISP Option 2 : 75.1.1.1
IP Address:
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Root
DNS
Server ISP
DNS Server:
khawarb.com = 199.1.1.6 ISP

IP Address:
75.1.1.1
DNS Server: Root
khawarb.com = 199.1.1.6 DNS
Server
IP Address: IP Address:
199.1.1.6 199.1.1.7

DNS
DNS Record: Server
www.khawarb.com = 199.1.1.7
DNS Communications
 Step 1 : User types www.khawarb.com.

 Step 2 : The User’s PC will send a DNS resolution request to it’s DNS server generally the ISP’s DNS Server
(150.5.1.11), to find the IP Address for www.khawarb.com.


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Step 3 : The ISP’s DNS Server will send a request to the Root DNS Server (50.5.5.5) to find the DNS for
khawarb.com. The Root DNS Server will respond with 199.1.1.6, the DNS Server for khawarb.com.

 Step 4 : The ISP’s DNS now send a DNS resolution request to khawarb.com’s DNS server (199.1.1.6) asking
for the IP address for www.khawarb.com.

 Step 5: The DNS Server for khawarb.com will respond back with the IP Address for www.khawarb.com
(199.1.1.7).

 Step 6: The ISP DNS Server will receive the IP address and forward it to the User’s PC.

 Step 7: The User’s PC will use the 199.1.1.7 destination address to send the request.

Note: The whole procedure is done within Seconds.

Key Concepts
 1. ____________ is also known as the “Network of Networks”.

 2. The main communication protocol on the Internet is ________.

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 3. The 3 most common services running on the Internet are ______, _______
& _______.

 4. What service/protocol is responsible for sending and receiving e-mails?

_________.

 5. What service/protocol is responsible for allowing end-users referring to

servers on the Internet using names? _________
Whiteboard