COURSE OUTCOME II

• Sampling theorem and aliasing,

• PCM: Quantization noise, SQNR, SNR vs Bandwidth.
• DPCM,
• DM,
• ADM
• Vocoders: LPC, CELP, RPE-LTP.

Tomorrow 21-08-19 Extra class in R506A Time:7.20AM – 9AM

 Uniform Quantization

𝐿 = 2𝑛

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

 Time division Multiplexing

A B C D G A B C D G A B C D G A B C D G A B C D

Applications:
G
1. Used in Telemetry
2. Used T1 Telephonic systems
3. Used in 2G Cellular communications for channel multiplexing in
GSM
gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206
 Problems on TDM
1. Four channels, data rate of 1Mbps are TD multiplexed one bit
at a time from each channel, find
i. Input bit duration? = 1 /106= 1μs
ii. Output duration? = 1 /4X106= 0.25 μs
iii.Output bit rate? = 1 / 0.25X10-6= 4Mbps
iv. Output frame rate? 1Mbps

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

2. Four channels , two with a bit rate of 200kbps and two with a
bit rate 150 kbps are to be multiplexed using multiple slots
TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following
questions: assume 4 bits from the first 2 sources and 3 bits
from the second 2 sources.
i. What is the size of a frame in bits? = 4 × 2 + 3 × 2 = 14 bits
ii. What is the frame rate? = 200,000 / 4 = 150,000 /3 = 50,000 frames/s.
iii. What is the duration of a frame? = 1 /50,000 = 20 μs
iv. What is the date rate? = 2 × 200 + 2 × 150 = 700 kbps.

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

 DIFFERENTIAL PCM
• Let m[k] be the kth sample of signal m(t). Then
we can express the difference between adjacent
samples as
d[k] = m[k] – m[k-1]
• Instead of transmitting m[k], can we transmit
d[k]?
• If Yes..What is the advantage?
Is it possible to reduce the data to be transferred?
gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206
 DPCM
Modulator or Encoder
eq(nTs)= e(nTs)+ q(nTs)
e(nTs)+
e(nTs)= x^( nTx^(
x(nTs)- s) =
nTsx(nT
) s) q(nTs) is quantization error

xq(nTs) = x(nTs)+ q(nTs)

This implies that the prediction signal is in fact equal to the
sum of the input sample plus quantization noise. The loop
predicts the input accurately.

xq(nT
xq(nT
s) =
s) =
x^(nT
x^(nT
s)+
s)+
e(nT
eq(nT
s)+s)q(nTs)

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

S. Parameters Pulse Code Modulation Differential Pulse Code
NO Receiver (PCM) Modulation (DPCM)
1 Number of bits It uses 4, 8, or 16 bits per < PCM bits
sample
3
Parameter
Bit redundancy Present PCM DPCM
Can permanently remove
4
Magnitude
Quantization error Depends onVthe
max dmax(<<noise
number of
Quantization is present,
Vmax)
and distortion levels used but very less as compared to
No of levels L PCM L
5 Can we improve
StepBandwidth
SNR
Higher using
bandwidth DPCM
required than
Lower PCM?
than PCM bandwidth
size ∆=2Vmax/L 2dmax/L
6 Feedback No feedback in Tx and Rx Feedback exists
Noise Power Yes.2
2V max/L 2 2d2max/L2
7 2 Complexity of Simple Complex
(∆ /12) How?
coder
8
SNRSNR Good
V 2/(2V2 /L2) Fair
9
rms max vrms2/ 2d2max/L2)
(
Area of application Audio, video and telephony. Speech and video.

10 Bits/sample 7 to 8 4 to 6
11 Bits rate 56-64 32-48
gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206
 Delta Modulation(DM)
• Modulator

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

 Noise
(Slope over load distortion& Granular Noise)

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206
 Noise
• Slope Over load:
 xm (t)
Condition to avoid it f s  
T
• Granular
1. Find the minimum sampling frequency to avoid slope over load error
when x(t)= cos(1600 π t), if δ=0.1.
Ans: 50k

2. Find the minimum sampling frequency to avoid slope over load error
when x(t)= 6 sin(2000 π t)+ 4 sin(4000 π t), if δ=0.314V.
Ans: 280k/s

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

 SQNR
 xm (t)
• Condition to avoid slope over load distortion f s 
T
• For a sinusoidal signal of
x m (t) = a m sin (2 π f m t)
f s .S
 xm (t)  f s .S  2 π a m f m  a m 
 = 2 π a m fm 2π f m
T
2
a 2m 1  f s .S 
• The maximum power of the signal Ps =   
2 2  2 π fm 
S2
• Noise power of quantization =
3
S 2 fm
• In band noise power PN 
3 fs
3
PS 3  fs 
• SQNR =  
PN 8 2  f m 

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206

 • Demodulator

gvs0raos@kluniversity.in Dr. G V SUBBARAO ADC 19 EC 2206