METHODS OF DATA

COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION
• The process by which the researcher collects the
information needed to answer the research
problem
In collecting the data, the researcher must
decide:
• Which data to collect
• How to collect data
• Who will collect data
• When to collect data
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Instrument or a Tool
• Describes as a device used to collect the data
• Facilitate variable observation and measurement
TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
1. Questionnaire
2. Checklist
3. Distribution
4. Interview
5. Observation
6. Records
7. Experimental Approach
8. Survey Approach
1. QUESTIONNAIRE
• A series of questions designed to elicit information
which is filled in by all participants in the sample
• This is the most common type of research
instrument
DEGREE OF STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended Question – gives the respondents
the ability to answer on their own words
2. Close-ended or fixed alternative – allows the
respondent to choose one of the given alternatives
TYPES OF CLOSE-ENDED QUESTION
1. Dichotomous Questions
2. Multiple-Response Questions
3. Cafeteria Questions
4. Rank-Order Questions
5. Rating Questions
DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS
• Requires the respondents to make a choice
between two responses such as yes/no,
male/female, or married/unmarried
MULTIPLE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
• Questions that offers more than one choice
• Example: What is/are your hobbies?
___ singing
___ writing
___ dancing
___ eating
CAFETERIA QUESTIONS
• A special type of multiple-response question
• The respondents are asked to select response
according to their own point of view
• Example: Which of the following represents your
view/views about love?
__ Love is blind __ Love is selfish
__ Love is selfless __ Love is painful
RANK-ORDER QUESTIONS
• The respondents are asked to choose a response
from the “most” to the “least”
• Example: Why must family practiced family planning? Rank your
answers from 1 – most reasonable and 5 – least reasonable
__ Limits maternal disabilities
__ Gives parent more time to meet family needs
__ Helps maintain financial viability
__ Affords more working hours
__ Ensures family to educate all the children in the future
RATING QUESTIONS
• The respondents are asked to judge something
along an ordered dimension
• Usually used by researchers
2. CHECKLIST
• These are items that comprise several questions on
a topic and require the same response format
3. INTERVIEW
• This involves either structure and unstructured
verbal communication between the researcher and
the subject, during which information is obtained
for a study
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. Unstructured Interview
2. Structured Interview
 More conversational
 Long sometimes and conducted in a usual
situation
 Allows the researcher flexibility in questioning
the subject
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
 More conversational
 Long sometimes and conducted in a usual
situation
 Allows the researcher flexibility in questioning
the subject
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
 Always operated within formal written
instrument referred as interview schedule
 Researcher designed the questions to be asked
prior to interview including the order of the
questions
 The questions are asked orally in either face to
face or telephone format
4. OBSERVATION
5. RECORDS
• Refers to all the numbers and statistics that
institutions, organizations, and people keep as
record of their activities
• Example: Census data, Education records,
Hospital/Clinic Records
6. EXPIREMENTAL APPROACH
• A powerful design for testing hypothesis of causal
relationships among variables
• Researcher controls the independent variable and
watches the effect on the dependent variable
7. SURVEY APPROACH
• Non-experimental type in which the researcher
investigate a community or a group of people
MEASUREMENT OF
VARIABLES
MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• Measurement is the process by which the
researcher assigns specific number to the collected
data
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Level
2. Ordinal Level
3. Interval Level
4. Ratio Level
NOMINAL LEVEL
• The lowest level
• Includes assignment of number simply to classify
characteristics into categories
• Examples: Sex, Marital Status, Health Status
ORDINAL LEVEL
• The second lowest level
• This permits the sorting of object on the basis of
their standing on an attribute relative to each other
• Data are categorized and ranked
• Examples: Likert Scale, Guttman Scale, Graphic
Rating Scales, and Semantic Diffeential Scale
INTERVAL LEVEL
• Second highest level
• Do not have an absolute or rational zero point
• Use of mode, median, and mean
• Example: Temperature, IQ Level
RATIO LEVEL
• The highest level
• Has rational, meaningful zero
• Example: Height, Weight
RELIABILITY AND
VALIDITY OF
MEASUREMENT
RELIABILITY
• Means the degree of consistency and accuracy with
which an instrument measures a variable
VALIDITY
• Refers to the extent to which an instrument
measures what is designed to measure
TESTING VALIDITY OF
DATA COLLECTION
SELF-EVIDENT MEASURES
1. Face Validity – validity of the observer, most basic
level
2. Content Validity – relies on the assurance that
you can demonstrate an adequate coverage of
the known field
PRAGMATIC MEASURES
1. Concurrent Validity
2. Predictive Validity
3. Construct Validity
CONCURRENT VALIDITY
• Refers to the extent to which an instrument can
accurately identify subjects with respect to a given
characteristics
• Example: measure of job satisfaction might be
correlated with work performance
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
• To predict some future occurrences
• The researcher commonly validate this by using the
instrument, then comparing the results with some
future outcomes
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
• Useful mainly for measuring the traits or feelings
such as generosity, grief, or satisfaction
TESTING THE RELIABILITY
OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
STABILITY
• The best indicator of an instrument’s reliability
• Refers to the extent to which the same result are
obtained with repeated use of an instrument
• Two categories:
• Test/Retest
• Repeated Observations
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY
• This refers to the extent to which all parts of the
measurement techniques are measuring the same
concept
TEST OF EQUIVALENCE
• This refers to the consistency of the results by
different investigators or similar tests at the same
time