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– Columns: 2 to 4 hrs.
– Exterior and Interior bearing walls shall have at least minimum of the
following fire-resistance ratings.
– Columns: 2 to 4 hrs.
• TIMBER – Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after
stone.
• BRICK – Bricks are used for building and pavement all throughout the world.
• PLASTER OR MORTAR –Is a building material used for coating walls and
ceilings
COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION
Safe Electrical Demolition and Circuit Removal
– Live wires are usually involved when removing these systems. It is not
only installing electrical features or work that is difficult. The removal
is similarly complicated and risk-fuelled.
Safe Electrical Demolition and Circuit Removal
– You’ll need a permit to carry out this type of extensive electrical work.
Repair, alteration or construction work for residential or commercial
properties generally requires you to pay a building permit fee.
How to construct streets/roads?
1. Planning- Many people, including engineers and construction experts,
must be involved in figuring out what type of road should be made
2. surveyors and construction experts will develop solid plans for
the road to be built.
3. Capital to produce materials and equipments. Such as Huge earth-
moving machines must be used to create a solid foundation for
the road to be built. Without a solid foundation, any road that is built will
fail long before its expected lifespan.
• The most common materials used for paving roads are asphalt and
concrete. Factors such as cost and type and amount of traffic will determine
which material will be used.
• Concrete also uses sand and crushed rock, but it's held together with
cement. Workers must pour liquid concrete into special steel molds called
forms. As it dries, a special finishing machine vibrates it to make it settle
evenly and then trims it to the correct height.
How to demolish Streets/Roads?
A. It is unlawful for any person to place, maintain, or store any materials,
structure, shelter, enclosure, or other personal property on public property
for a period of twenty-four (24) hours or more that is owned or used by
the City including undeveloped land.
B. For the purposes of this section, the term “shelter” includes, without
limitation, any tent, tarpaulin, lean-to, sleeping bag, bedroll, blankets, or
any form of cover or protection from the elements other than clothing.
C. Materials and equipment necessary for work to be done under a permit
shall not be placed or stored on public property so as to obstruct free and
convenient approach to and use of any fire hydrant, fire or police alarm
box, utility box, catch basin, or manhole or so as not to interfere with any
drainage of any street or alley gutter.
• Concrete and mortar are both used in building projects but there are some
differences in their composition and therefore their strength which means
they should not be interchanged and one should not be used as a substitute
for the other. Basically concrete is stronger and more durable so it can be
used for structural projects such as setting posts whereas mortar is used as
a bonding agent for bricks, stones, etc.
• Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand just like mortar. However
concrete also has gravel and other coarse aggregates that makes it stronger
and more durable. Concrete has a low water-to-cement ratio and is a
thinner consistency than mortar. Concrete is often reinforced with steel
when used a structural support of a building. However concrete can also
be supported by the ground such as steps, sidewalks, concrete, appliance
pads. It is ideal for setting posts such as fence posts, mailbox posts,
basketball posts, deck posts, lamp posts, and swing sets.
• Mortar, which is a mixture of water, cement, and sand, has a higher water-
to cement ratio than concrete. It has a thicker consistency which makes it a
great adhesive and bonding agent for bricks and tiles. Mortar mix can be
used for construction and repair of brick, block, and stone for barbecues,
pillars, walls, tuck-pointing mortar joints, and planters.
How long should a mortar be mixed? Should all ingredients be mixed at the
same time?
• Most masons mix mortars using a paddle mixer. The appendix to ASTM C
270 Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry recommends that
3/4 of the required water, 1/2 the sand, and all the cementations materials
be briefly mixed together first. Then the balance of the sand and water is
added. The mortar should be mixed a minimum of 3 minutes and a
maximum of 5 minutes after the last water has been added to the mix. The
standard states that over mixing can change the mortar's air content.
How long should a mortar be mixed? Should all ingredients be mixed at the
same time?
Step 1
Measure the recommended water amount for the number of bags to be
added to the mixer and pour half of the water into the mixer (an 80-pound
bag of Mason Mix will require about 5 quarts of water). If using liquid
cement color, add to the mixing water.
NOTE: add the water to the mixer before adding the dry mix.
Step 2
Add the dry mix into the mixer and allow the mortar to mix for about a
minute, then add the remaining water as necessary.
Step 3
Continue to mix for 3-5 minutes, until a uniform, workable consistency is
achieved.
Step 4
Let the mortar sit undisturbed for about 3-5 minutes to allow the fine
aggregate in the mix to fully saturate
Here are some tips for ensuring problem-free walkways that will give you
decades of good performance.
1.Proper compaction and preparation of the sub grade beneath the sidewalk
is essential. Uniform compaction diminishes differential settlement of the
concrete sidewalk and reduces the chance of crack development
2. It's much better to place a granular sub base layer between the compacted
sub grade and the concrete slab to provide more uniform support and to
bridge over minor sub grade defects.
3. In cold temperatures, protect newly poured concrete sidewalks from
freezing for at least five days after placement.
4.In warm temperatures, wet curing or the application of a liquid membrane-
forming curing compound is needed to retain adequate moisture in the
concrete while its strength is developing
5. To minimize cracking, control joints should be cut into the slab at spacings
of about 4 feet transversely across the length of the sidewalk and to a depth
of about one-quarter the slab thickness.
6. Be careful about tree location. The roots of large trees can damage
sidewalks by causing uplift of the slab.
There are ways to enhance your canopy (we are using here metal canopies)
• They are structurally sound.- First and foremost, your metal canopy
needs to carry out the basic function of protecting and sheltering
what’s underneath it. Canopies shield buildings and customers from
sun, hail, wind, sleet, snow, rain, and more.
• *The three types of metal canopies – flat, sloped, and curved – are all
engineered to satisfy specific building codes and standards, with the
architectural plan designed to meet these specifications.
• They have visual appeal.- Beyond carrying out
uncommon materials.
• A canopy is an overhead roof structure that has open sides. Canopies are
typically intended to provide shelter from the rain or sun, but may also be
used for decorative purposes, or to give emphasis to a route or part of
a building.