Siddiqui M.K.

Moinuddin
Senior Scietific Assistant
LNJN NICFS
 French Lithographer and inventor Joseph
Niecephore Niepce in 1826 coated a pewter
sheet with asphalt containing a silver solution
and placed a resulting plat inside an artist
camera Obscura, a device then commonly
used for tracing landscapes and architecture
in correct perspective . Niepce pooled his
knowledge with that of Jacques Daguerre, a
Parisian scenery designer who had also been
experimenting with light sensitive chemicals.
 What is Forensic Science ?

The term “Forensic” is derived from the Latin Word

“forensis” which means “the forum”.

Forensic Science is that “Scientific discipline which is

directed to the recognition, identification,
individualization and evaluation of Physical Evidence
by the application of all principles and methods of
natural science for the purpose of criminal Justice
System.
Photography comes from two Greek Words “Light” and
“writing”.
We used to be able to define it is an image formed on
Light-Sensitive material, chemically stabilized and
projected on a screen for viewing or printed, negative
to positive, on light-sensitive paper.

Can be consider both Science or art.

Photography is a Science when it involves Scientific

Discipline, Scientific methods and Scientific
Instruments.

Photography is a art because its beauty is subjective.

 “Digital photography is a form of photography that
uses cameras containing arrays of electronic
photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens,
instead of a photographic film. The captured images
are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for
further digital processing, viewing or digital
publishing.

According to Techopedia “Digital photography is the

process of using electronic and computing appliances
to capture, create, edit and share digital
images/photographs”.
Digital Camera Parts
It takes hundreds of bits and pieces to make modern digital cameras work.
Expensive DSLR cameras, have components that allow at least some user
control but in digital compact models, they function largely on an automatic
basis.
The following information reveals which parts work automatically or semi-
automatically, and which parts work via user input:
Lens
The camera lens works by focusing incoming light onto an image sensor. It is
the optical component of a digital camera and performs automatic or manual
functions. Major parts of a camera lens include:
•Aperture: The aperture controls the amount of light admitted into the lens.
•Shutter: A shutter is a mechanical device that opens and closes to control the
timing of photographic exposures.
 The image sensor converts light from the lens into
electrical signals and passes them to an A/D (analog-
to-digital) converter. The A/D converter turns the
signal into binary numbers, which result in digital
images that are processed and stored on a memory
device. Two common types of image sensors that
work in similar ways are the charge-coupled device
(CCD) and complementary metal-oxide-
semiconductor (CMOS).
 Most modern digital cameras offer one of three viewfinder types:
 LCD: An LCD (liquid crystal display) is a window that provides a real
time example of exactly what the lens sees as an image is composed. Most
compact digital cameras feature an LCD and, depending upon the model,
may also provide a separate viewfinder.
 Electronic: This type of viewfinder functions similarly to an LCD in that it
provides a real time "though the lens" point of view as an image is framed.
The difference between it and a LCD is that an electronic viewfinder is
located behind the camera lens.
 Optical: An optical viewfinder is the most common type used in digital
cameras. It functions in compact models by way of a basic optical system
that runs parallel to the main lens. In the more sophisticated DSLR
cameras, the optical lens works by using a mirror that slides out of the way
as the shutter release is pressed
 It's important to learn how you can help your camera
perform better and enhance your photography skills. The
following digital camera components are manipulated by
the user during standard camera operation:
 Power Button: This feature turns the camera on and off.
 Menu Button: Menu buttons are usually located on the face
of the camera near the LCD or viewfinder. It allows the user
to access options such as flash settings, macro settings, and
shooting modes like programmable, portrait, sunset,
landscape, and action photography.
 Shutter Release Button: This button is typically located on
the top of the camera. Once an image is composed and
framed, pressing this button records the photograph.
 Timer: Most digital cameras feature a timer switch or button that
provides a set length of time between pressing the shutter release
and shooting the image. This allows users to take a self portrait or a
group snapshot.
 Flash: The flash component is usually placed above the lens and is
controlled via the camera's menu. It provides extra illumination
when taking photos in low light settings.
 Zoom Controls: This mechanism allows the user to get in close on
his subject without physically moving to do so.
 Battery Door: Located under the body of the camera, the battery
door lets the user easily swap old batteries for new.
 Memory Card Door: Occasionally, removable memory cards are
located within the battery compartment, but often they occupy a
separate compartment accessible through its own door.
