Foundation Design Chapter 11

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition Das
Chapter 14
Sheet-Pile Walls
1 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction
 The building of sheet-pile walls does not usually require
dewatering of the site.
 Several types of sheet pile are commonly used in

construction:
 1. Wooden sheet piles
 2. Precast concrete sheet piles
 3. Steel sheet piles
 Aluminum sheet piles are also marketed.

Introduction
 Wooden sheet piles are used only for temporary, light structures that
are above the water table.
 Precast concrete sheet piles are heavy and are designed with
reinforcements to withstand the permanent stresses to which the
structure will be subjected after construction and also to handle the
stresses produced during construction.
 Sheet-pile sections may be Z, deep arch, low arch, or straight web

sections. The interlocks of the sheet-pile sections are shaped like a
thumb-and-finger or ball-and-socket joint for watertight connections.

Construction Methods
 Sheet-pile walls may be divided into two basic categories:
 1. Cantilever
 2. Anchored
 The soil used for backfill behind the sheet-pile wall is usually
granular.
 Soil below the dredge line may be sandy or clayey.
 The surface of soil on the water side is referred to as the mud

line or dredge line.

Construction methods generally can be divided into two
categories:
1. Backfilled structure
2. Dredged structure

The sequence of construction for a backfilled structure is as
follows and is illustrated on the following slide.
1. Dredge the in situ soil in front and back of the proposed

structure.
2. Drive the sheet piles.
3. Backfill up to the level of the anchor, and place the

anchor system.
4. Backfill up to the top of the wall.


The sequence of construction for a dredged structure is as
follows and is illustrated on the following slide.
1. Drive the sheet piles.
2. Backfill up to the anchor level, and place the anchor

system.
3. Backfill up to the top of the wall.
4. Dredge the front side of the wall.


Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls

Cantilever sheet-pile walls are usually recommended for
walls of moderate height.
The sheet piles act as a wide cantilever beam above the

dredge line.


The figure on slide 13 demonstrates the following observations:
The figure shows the nature of lateral yielding of a cantilever wall

penetrating a sand layer below the dredge line.
The wall rotates about point O. Because the hydrostatic pressures at any
depth from both sides of the wall will cancel each other, we consider only
the effective lateral soil pressures.


In zone A, the lateral pressure is just the active pressure from the land
side.
In zone B, because of the nature of yielding of the wall, there will be

active pressure from the land side and passive pressure from the water
side.
The condition is reversed in zone C—that is, below the point of rotation,
O.


 The net actual pressure distribution on the wall is like that
shown in the figure below.

Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

The following figure demonstrates the relationships for the proper depth
of embedment of sheet piles driven into a granular soil.


If the water table is at a depth L1 below the top of the wall and the
effective angle of friction of the sand is f ', then the intensity of
the active pressure at z = L is s ' = g L K .
1 1 1 a
K a = Rankine active pressure coefficient = tan2(45- f ' /2)
g = unit weight of soil above the water table

The active pressure at a depth z = L1 + L2 is s 2' = (g L1 + g 'L2 )K a
g ' = g sat - g w= effective unit weight of soil


Ignoring the hydrostatic pressure from both sides of the wall, the active
pressure at depth z is
s a' = éëg L1 + g 'L2 + g '(z - L1 - L2 )ùû K a

Passive pressure at depth z is
s = g '(z - L - L )K
'
p 1 2 p
A combination of both the above equations gives net lateral pressure
s ' = s 2' - g '(z - L)(K p - K a ) L = L1 + L2


The net pressure s '
equals zero at a depth L3 below the
dredge line, so
s 2'
(z - L) = L3 =
g '(K p - K a )
At the bottom of the sheet pile, passive pressure acts from
the right toward the left side and active pressure acts from
the left toward the right side. Thus at
z = L+ D we have the equation

s = (g L1 + g 'L2 + g 'D)K p
'
p
and s a' = g 'DK a

The net lateral pressure at the bottom of the sheet pile is
s - s = s = s + g 'L4 (K p - K a )
'
p
'
a
'
4
'
5
s = (g L1 + g 'L2 )K p + g 'L3(K p - K a )
'
5
D = L 3 +L4


For the stability of the wall, the principles of statics can be applied with
å horizontal forces per unit length of wall = 0 and

å moment of the forces per unit length of wall about point B = 0
For the summation of the horizontal forces, we have
1 ' 1
P - s 3L4 + L5(s 3' + s 4' ) = 0
2 2
P = area of the pressure diagram ACDE


Summing the moment of all the forces about point B yields
1 '   L4  1 '  L5 
P( L4  z )   L4 3    L5( 3   4 )   0
'
2  3  2 3
Summing previous equations in terms of L4 we get
L + A L - A L - A L - A =0
4
4
3
1 4
2
2 4 3 4 4
with
 5' 8P
A1  A2 =
 '(K p  K a ) g '(K p - K a )
6P é2zg '(K p - K a )+ s ù ' P(6zs 5' + 4P)

A4 =
A3 = ë '2 û 5
g (K p - K a )2
g '2(K p - K a )2

 A step by step procedure for obtaining the pressure
diagram for a cantilever sheet-pile wall penetrating a
granular soil is outlined in the book.


The nature of the variation of the moment diagram for a
cantilever sheet-pile wall is shown below.


In calculating the maximum bending moment we determine
the maximum moment will occur between points E and F’.
Obtaining the maximum moment (Mmax) per unit length of

the wall requires determining the point of zero shear.
1
For the new axis z’ for zero shear, P = (z') (K p - K a )g '
2


Once the point of zero shear force is determined the
magnitude of the maximum moment can be obtained as
1  1 
Mmax  P( z  z )    ' z (K p  K a )   z '
' '2
2  3 
The profile of the sheet piling is then sized according to the
allowable flexural stress of the sheet pile material, i.e.,
Mmax
S=
s all
S = section modulus of the sheet pile required per unit length of the
structure
s = allowable flexural stress of the sheet pile
all
Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy

Soil
If no water table is present the net pressure diagram on the
cantilever sheet-pile wall will be as shown in the figure
below.


Soil
In this case we use the equations
s 2' LK a
s 2' = g LK a L3 = =
g (K p - K a ) (K p - K a )
s 3' = L4 (K p - K a )g 1 ' 1 '
P = s 2L + s 2L3
s 4' = s 5' + g L4 (K p - K a ) 2 2
s 5' = g LK p + g L3(K p - K a ) L LK a L L(2K a + K p )
z = L3 + = + =
3 K p - K a 3 3(K p - K a )


Soil
L  A L  A L  A L  A 0
4
4
' 3
1 4
' 2
2 4
'
3 4
'
4
s 5'
A1' =
g (K p - K a )
8P
A =
'
2
g (K p - K a )
6P é2zg (K p - K a )+ s 5' ù
A3' = ë 2 û
g (K p - K a )2
P(6zs 5' + 4P)
A4' =
g 2(K p - K a )2

Soil
The figure below shows a free cantilever sheet-pile wall

penetrating a sandy soil and subjected to a line load of P
per unit length of the wall.


Soil
For this situation we use the equations
é ù é 12PL ù é ù
2
ê 8P úD - ê 2P
D -
4 2
úD - ê ú =0
êg K - K
ë p (
a ) ú
û ê
ë g (K p - K a ) úû êë g (K p - K a ) úû
g (K p - K a )D - 2P 2
2P
L5 = z' =
2D(K p - K a )g g '(K p - K a )
g z '3(K p - K a )
Mmax = P(L + z )- '
6
Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay
Sometimes cantilever sheet piles must be driven into a clay

layer possessing an undrained cohesion c.
The figure below shows a cantilever sheet-pile wall driven

into clay with a backfill of granular soil above the level of
the dredge line.

At any depth greater than L1 + L2, for f = 0, the Rankine

active earth-pressure coefficient Ka = 1.
Similarly, for f = 0, the Rankine passive earth-pressure

coefficient Kp = 1.
Thus above the point of rotation the active pressure from

right to left is
s a = éëg L1 + g 'L2 + g sat (z - L1 - L2 )ùû -2c

The passive pressure from left to right may be expressed as

s p = g sat (z - L1 - L2 )+2c
Thus the net pressure is
s 6 = 4c -(g L1 + g 'L2 )
At the bottom of the sheet pile the passive pressure from
right to left is s p = (g L1 + g 'L2 + g sat D)+2c
The active pressure from left to right is

s a = g sat D -2c
The net pressure is s 7 = s p - s a = 4c + g L1 + g 'L2 ( )

For åFH = 0
D éë4c -(g L1 + g 'L2 )ùû - P1
L4 =
4c
and taking the moment about point B
D2 1  L4 
P1 ( D  z1 )   4c  ( L1   ' L 2 )  L4 (8C )   0
2 2 3

We can determine theoretical depth of penetration of the

clay layer by the sheet pile by combining the two previous
equations to form
P1 ( P1  12cz1 )
D 4c    L1   ' L2    2DP1 
2
0
 L1   ' L2   2c

We use the following procedure for obtaining the pressure

diagram.
K
1. Calculate a = tan 2
(45- f '/2) for the granular soil.
2. Obtain s 1' ,s 2'.
3. Calculate P1 and z1.

P ( P  12cz )
4. Use D2  4c    L1   ' L2    2DP1  1 1 1
0
to find D.  L1   ' L2   2c


D éë4c -(g L1 + g 'L2 )ùû - P1
5. Use L4 = .
4c
6. Calculate s 6 ,s 7 .
7. Draw the pressure distribution diagram as shown in the
previous figure.
8. The actual depth of penetration is
Dactual  1.4 to 1.6( Dtheoretical )

In referring to the previous figure, the maximum moment

will be between L1 + L2 < z < L1 + L2 + L3 .
P1
Using a new coordinate system z’ for zero shear gives z' =
s6
The magnitude of the maximum moment may now be
obtained:
s 6 z '2
Mmax = P1(z'+ z 1 )-
2

Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay
The figure below is for sheet-pile walls in the absence of the

water table

For the previous figure we can write the following equations

s = g LK a
'
2
s 6 = 4c - g L
s 7 = 4c + g L
1 ' 1 2
P1 = Ls 2 = g L K a
2 2
1 2
D(4c - g L)- g L K a
L4 = 2
39
4c © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
The theoretical depth of penetration can be calculated as
P1(P1 +12cz1 ) L
D (4c - g L)- 2DP1 -
2
z1 =
g L + 2c 3
The magnitude of the maximum moment in the wall is

s 6 z '2
Mmax = P1(z'+ z 1 )-
2
1 2
P1 2g L K a
z' = =
s 6 4c - g L
The figure below shows a free cantilever sheet-pile wall

penetrating a clay layer.

In the previous figure the wall is being subjected to a line

load of P per unit length.
For this case s 6 = s 7 = 4c

The depth of penetration may be obtained from the equation
P(P +12cL) 4cD - P

4D c - 2PD -
2
=0 For the pressure diagram L4 =
2c 4c
4cz '2
The maximum moment in the wall is Mmax = P(L + z')-
2
Where z' =
P
4c
Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls
When the height of the backfill material behind a cantilever

sheet-pile wall exceeds about 6 m, tying the wall near the
top to anchor plates, anchor walls, or anchor piles becomes
more economical.
This type of construction is referred to as anchored sheet-

pile wall or an anchored bulkhead.

Anchors minimize the depth of penetration required by the

sheet piles and also reduce the cross-sectional area and
weight of the sheet piles needed for construction.
The two basic methods of designing anchored sheet-pile

walls are
1. 1. The free earth support method
2. 2. The fixed earth support method

The figure below shows the assumed nature of deflection of

the sheet piles for the two methods.

Free Earth Support Method of Penetration of Sandy

Soil
The figure below shows an anchor sheet-pile wall with a
granular soil backfill.
The wall has been driven into a granular soil.


Soil
The tie rod connecting the sheet pile and the anchor is
located at a depth l1 below the top of the sheet-pile wall.
At depth z = L1 ,s = g L1K a and at

'
1
z  L1  L2 ,  ( L1   ' L2 )K a
'
2


Soil
Below the dredge line, the net pressure will be zero at
z = L +L +L with s '
1 2 3 2
L3 =
g '(K p - K a )
At z = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 the net pressure is given as
s = g '(K p - K a )L4
'
8


Soil
Area of the pressure diagram ACDE - area of EBF – F = 0
where F = tension in the tie rod/unit length of the wall, or
1é
F = P - ëg '(K p - K a )ùû L24
2
P = area of the pressure diagram ACDE


Soil
Taking the moment about O’ gives
3P ( L1  L2  L3 )  ( z  l1 )
L34  1.5L24 (l2  L2  L3 )  0
 '(K p  K a )
The maximum theoretical moment to which the sheet pile will be
subjected occurs at a depth between
z = L1 ,z = L1 + L2
The depth z for zero shear and maximum moment is calculated by
1 ' 1
s 1L1 - F + s 1(z - L1 )+ K ag '(z - L1 )2 = 0
'
2 2
Once the value of z is determined, the magnitude of the maximum
moment is easily obtained.
Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method

(Penetration into Sandy Soil)
Using the free earth support method, Hagerty and Nofal provided
simplified design charts for quick estimation of the following in the figure
below:
1. Depth of penetration
2. Anchor force
3. Maximum moment for anchored sheet-pile walls penetrating into sandy
soil


Hagerty and Nofal made the following assumptions:
1. The soil friction angle above and below the dredge line is
the same.
2. The angle of friction between the sheet-pile wall and the

soil is f '/2 .
3. The passive earth pressure below the dredge line has a

logarithmic spiral failure surface.
4. For active earth-pressure calculation, Coulomb’s theory is

valid.

The magnitudes of D, F, and Mmax may be calculated from
the following relationships:
D g L21 +(g sat - g w )L22 + 2g L1L2
= (GD)(CDL1 ) ga=
L1 + L2 (L1 + L2 )2
F GD =
D
with(L1 = 0,L2 = L1 + L2 )
= (GF )(CFL1 )
g a (L1 + L2 )2 L1 + L2
F
Mmax GF = with(L1 = 0,L2 = L1 + L2 )
= (GM)(CML1 ) g a (L1 + L2 )2
g a (L1 + L2 ) 3
Mmax
GM = with(L1 = 0,L2 = L1 + L2 )
g a (L1 + L2 ) 3

Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls

Penetrating into Sand
For the figure below which is valid for the case of sheet pile
penetrating sand, we will use certain notation illustrated on
the following slide.

Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls

Penetrating into Sand
1. H’ = total height of pile driven
 H '4

2. Relative flexibility of pile =   10.91  10 
7

 EI 
With
E = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
I = moment of inertia of the pile section per meter of the wall
3. Md = design moment
4. Mmax = maximum theoretical moment

Computational Pressure Diagram Method for

Penetration into Sandy Soil
The computational pressure diagram (CPD) method for
sheet pile penetrating a sandy soil is a simplified method of
design.
We use the rectangular pressure shown below


'
sa is the width of the net active pressure diagram above the dredge
line.
'
s p is the width of the net passive pressure diagram below the dredge
line.
We have
' '
s a = CK g L '
a av and s p = RCK ag av' L where
g L1 + g 'L2 L(L - 2l1 )

g '
» R=
av
L1 + L2 D(2L + D - 2l1 ) C = coefficient


For depth of penetration we have
  l    L2
  l1  
D  2DL 1        1  2    0
2 1
  L   R    L 
For anchor force we have

'
F = s a (L - RD)
For maximum moment we have

' 2 
2
RD   2l1   RD  
Mmax  0.5 a L  1      1  
 L   L  L  

Note for the equations we must stress
1. The magnitude of D is 1.25 to 1.5 times the value of

Dtheory obtained by the conventional free earth support
method
2. The magnitude of F is 1.2 to 1.6 times the value

calculated
3. The magnitude of Mmax is 0.6 to 0.75 times the value

calculated

Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay
The figure below shows an anchored sheet-pile wall

penetrating a clay soil and with a granular soil backfill.

The net pressure distribution below the dredge line is

s 6 = 4c -(g L1 + g 'L2 )
For the static equilibrium, the sum of the forces in the
horizontal direction is P1 - s 6D = F.
P1 = area of the pressure diagram ACD

F = anchor force per unit length of the sheet-pile wall

Taking the moment about O’ produces

s 6D2 +2s 6D(L1 + L2 - l1 )-2P1(L1 + L2 - l1 - z1 )= 0

A moment reduction for anchored sheet piles penetrating into clay has
also been developed by Rowe.
For the procedure we use the following notation and figures:
c
1. The stability number is Sn = 1.25
(g L1 + g 'L2 )
c = undrained cohesion
g ,g ',L1 ,L2 are defined in the figure on the following slide.


L1 + L2
2. The nondimensional wall height is a =
L1 + L2 + Dactual
3. The flexibility number is r.

4. Md = design moment
Mmax= maximum theoretical moment

The procedure for moment reduction using the following figure is outlined
on the next slide.

1. Obtain H’ = L1+L2+Dactual
2. Determine a = (L1 + L2 )/H'

3. Determine Sn
4. Determine Md/Mmax for various values of log r from the previous figure
and plot Md/Mmax against log r
5. Follow Steps 1 through 9 as outlined for the case of moment reduction
of sheet-pile walls penetrating granular soil

Anchors
The general types of anchor used in sheet-pile walls are as follows:
1. Anchor plates and beams (deadman)
2. Tie backs
3. Vertical anchor piles
4. Anchor beams supported by batter (compression and tension) piles

Anchors
Anchor plates and beams are generally made of cast

concrete blocks.
The anchors are attached to the sheet pile by tie rods. A

wale is placed at the front or back face of a sheet pile for
the purpose of conveniently attaching the tie rod to the
wall.
In the construction of tiebacks, bars or cables are placed in

predrilled holes with concrete grout.

Anchors
The resistance offered by anchor plates and beams is derived primarily

from the passive force of the soil located in front of them.
The figure below shows the best location for maximum efficiency of an
anchor plate.
The figures on the following slide show the proper locations for the
placement of tiebacks, vertical anchor piles, and anchor beams supported
by batter piles.

Anchors

Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand
Ovesen and Stromann proposed a semi-empirical method for determining

the ultimate resistance of anchors in sand.
Their calculations are carried out as follows:
1. Basic Case: Determine the depth of embedment, H. Assume that the

anchor slab has height H and is continuous as shown in the figure below.

For the previous figure,
Pp = passive force per unit length of anchor
Pa = active force per unit length of anchor
f ' = effective soil friction angle

Pult' = ultimate resistance per unit length of anchor
W = effective weight per unit length of anchor slab

1
Pult'   H 2(K p cos  ' K a cos ')
2
With
Ka = active pressure coefficient d ' = f'

Kp = passive pressure coefficient
To obtain K pcosd ', calculate

W  Pa sin  '
K p sin  ' 
1 2
H
2
Then use the magnitude of K p sin  ' to estimate the magnitude of K pcosd '
from the plots below

2. Strip Case: Determine the actual height h of the anchor to be

constructed.
If a continuous anchor of height h is placed in the soil so that its depth

of embedment is H, as shown in the figure below
The ultimate resistance per unit length is

é ù
ê ú Pus' = ultimate resistance for the strip case
ê C ov +1 ú '
Pus =
'
Pult
ê æ Hö ú C ov= 19 for dense sand and 14 for loose sand
ê C ov + ç ÷ ú
ë è hø û
3. Actual Case: In practice, the anchor plates are placed in a row with
center-to-center spacing S’ as shown in the figure below.
The ultimate resistance of each anchor is Pult = Pus' Be with

B = equivalent length.
e

Neely, Stuart, and Graham proposed a stress characteristic solution for

anchor pull-out resistance using the equivalent free surface concept.
The figure below shows the assumed failure surface for a strip anchor. In
this figure, OX is the equivalent free surface.

The shear stress mobilized along OX can be given as

so
m=
s o' tanf '
m = shear stress mobilization factor
s o' = effective normal stress along OX

Using this analysis, the ultimate resistance of an anchor can be given as
Pult = Mg q (g h 2 )BFs
Mg=q force coefficient

Fs= shape factor
g = effective unit weight of soil

Ghaly propose an empirical correlation for the ultimate resistance of

single anchors.
He proposed the following correlations:

0.28
5.4  H  2
Pult     AH
tan  '  A 
A = area of the anchor = Bh
Ghaly also proposed the relationship:

0.3
P u
 2.2 
Pult H
u = horizontal displacement of the anchor at a load level P.
The allowable resistance per anchor plate may be given as
Pult Generally suggested as 2 to 3

Pall =
FS
The center-to-center spacing of anchors, S’, may be obtained from
Pall
S' =
F
F = force per unit length of the sheet pile

Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks
Referring to the figure on the following slide, we have the relationship

'
Pult = p dls 0K tanf '
With
f '= effective angle of friction of soil

'
s o= average effective vertical stress
K = earth pressure coefficient


In clays the ultimate resistance of tiebacks may be approximated as
Pult = p dlca
ca = adhesion

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition Das

1 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 Several types of sheet pile are commonly used in

 Aluminum sheet piles are also marketed.

2 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 Sheet-pile sections may be Z, deep arch, low arch, or straight web

3 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

 Soil below the dredge line may be sandy or clayey.

 The surface of soil on the water side is referred to as the mud

4 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

5 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

1. Dredge the in situ soil in front and back of the proposed

2. Drive the sheet piles.

3. Backfill up to the level of the anchor, and place the

4. Backfill up to the top of the wall.

6 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

7 © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

1. Drive the sheet piles.

2. Backfill up to the anchor level, and place the anchor

3. Backfill up to the top of the wall.

4. Dredge the front side of the wall.

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Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls

The sheet piles act as a wide cantilever beam above the

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Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls

The figure shows the nature of lateral yielding of a cantilever wall

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Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls

In zone B, because of the nature of yielding of the wall, there will be

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Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

K a = Rankine active pressure coefficient = tan2(45- f ' /2)

g = unit weight of soil above the water table

g ' = g sat - g w= effective unit weight of soil

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

s a' = éëg L1 + g 'L2 + g '(z - L1 - L2 )ùû K a

A combination of both the above equations gives net lateral pressure

s ' = s 2' - g '(z - L)(K p - K a ) L = L1 + L2

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

z = L+ D we have the equation

Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

å horizontal forces per unit length of wall = 0 and

P = area of the pressure diagram ACDE

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

6P é2zg '(K p - K a )+ s ù ' P(6zs 5' + 4P)

Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils

Obtaining the maximum moment (Mmax) per unit length of

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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils