UP – Institute of Civil Engineering

Design of Steel Structures

and Members
Introduction
Lecture #1

References:
1. Salmon, C. G. and Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A. (2009) Steel Structures Design and
Behavior, Prentice Hall. 5th ed.
2. AISC – ASD/LRFD Steel Construction Manual, 13th ed.
3. Debra Larson lectures. Seismic Loads. Northern Arizona University 1998.
4. ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
5. National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010 IHST
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Objectives
Lecture #1
Objectives
After this lesson the student should be able to:
Structural Design 1. Define Structural Design and enumerate the steps in a design
• Definition
• Principles of Design procedure.
• Design Procedure

Loads
2. Discuss the different types of loads considered in design of
• Dead structures:
• Live
• Highway a. Dead loads
• Impact
• Wind b. Live loads
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear c. Earthquake Loads (Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure)
 UBC 1997
 Load application
d. Wind loads
Summary
e. Impact loads
f. Highway loads

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Structural Design
Lecture #1
Objectives
Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science,
Structural Design
combining the engineer’s judgment (experienced engineer’s intuitive
• Definition
• Principles of Design
feeling for the behavior of a structure) with a sound knowledge of the
• Design Procedure mechanics (principle of statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, and
Loads structural analysis), to produce a safe, economical structure that will
• Dead
• Live
serve its intended purpose. (Salmon, Johnson, Malhas)
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
Note: Computations involving scientific principles should serve as a
• Earthquake guide to decision making and not be followed blindly. The art or
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997 intuitive ability of the experienced engineer is utilized to make
 Load application
decisions, guided by computational results.
Summary

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Principles of Design
Lecture #1
Objectives
Design criteria are established to evaluate whether or not an optimum
Structural Design
has been achieved.
• Definition
• Principles of Design Typical criteria:
• Design Procedure
 minimum cost
Loads
• Dead  minimum weight
• Live
• Highway  minimum construction time
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 minimum labor
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 minimum cost of manufacture of owner’s products
 Load application
 maximum efficiency of operation to owner
Summary

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Principles of Design
Lecture #1
Objectives
Design Procedure – composed of two parts:
Structural Design
• Definition
1. Functional design – ensures that intended results are achieved, such
• Principles of Design as (a) adequate working areas and clearances; (b) proper ventilation
• Design Procedure
and/or air-conditioning; (c) adequate transportation facilities, such as
Loads
• Dead elevators, stairways and cranes, etc; (d) adequate lighting; and (e)
• Live
• Highway
aesthetics.
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
2. Structural framework design – the selection of the arrangement and
 Equivalent Base Shear sizes of structural elements so that loads may be safely carried, and
 UBC 1997
 Load application displacements are within acceptable limits.
Summary

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Iterative Design Procedure

Lecture #1
Objectives
1. Planning. Establish functions of the structure. Set criteria for arriving at an
optimum design.
Structural Design
• Definition
2. Preliminary structural configuration. Arrangement of the elements to serve the
• Principles of Design functions in 1.
• Design Procedure 3. Establish the loads to be carried.
Loads 4. Preliminary member selection. Based on 1,2,3, selection of member sizes to
• Dead satisfy an objective criterion, such as least weight or cost.
• Live
• Highway 5. Analysis. Structural analysis involving modeling the loads and structural
• Impact framework to obtain internal forces and any desired deflections.
• Wind
• Earthquake 6. Design. Structural member sizes are determined to satisfy the requirements of
 Equivalent Base Shear the structural analysis.
 UBC 1997
 Load application 7. Evaluation. Are all strength and serviceability requirements satisfied and is the
Summary
result optimal? Compare with predetermined criteria.
8. Redesign. Repetition of any part of 1 through 6 found necessary or desirable after
the evaluation. Usually only steps 3 through 6 will be subject to iteration.
9. Final decision. The determination of whether or not an optimum design has been
achieved.

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Iterative Design Procedure

Lecture #1
Objectives
1. Planning. Establish functions of the structure. Set criteria for arriving at an
optimum design.
Structural Design
• Definition
2. Preliminary structural configuration. Arrangement of the elements to serve the
• Principles of Design functions in 1.
• Design Procedure 3. Establish the loads to be carried.
Loads 4. Preliminary member selection. Based on 1,2,3, selection of member sizes to
• Dead satisfy an objective criterion, such as least weight or cost.
• Live
• Highway 5. Analysis. Structural analysis involving modeling the loads and structural
• Impact framework to obtain internal forces and any desired deflections.
• Wind
• Earthquake 6. Design. Structural member sizes are determined to satisfy the requirements of
 Equivalent Base Shear the structural analysis.
 UBC 1997
 Load application 7. Evaluation. Are all strength and serviceability requirements satisfied and is the
Summary
result optimal? Compare with predetermined criteria.
8. Redesign. Repetition of any part of 1 through 6 found necessary or desirable after
the evaluation. Usually only steps 3 through 6 will be subject to iteration.
9. Final decision. The determination of whether or not an optimum design has been
achieved.

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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives
A. Dead Load – is a fixed-position gravity service load, usually known
Structural Design
accurately but not until the design is completed.
• Definition
• Principles of Design B. Live Load – gravity loads acting when the structure is in service, but
• Design Procedure
varying in magnitude and location. Due to safety concerns, live loads
Loads
• Dead
for design purposes are prescribed by state and local building codes
• Live (usually empirical and conservative). Table 1.4.1 shows Typical
• Highway
• Impact Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads.
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives

Structural Design
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives
C. Highway Live Load – highway
Structural Design
vehicle loading standardized
• Definition into standard truck loads and
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure lane loads that approximate a
Loads
series of trucks (AASHTO).
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

AASHTO HS20 Loading

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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives
D. Impact – refers to the dynamic effect of a suddenly applied load. Any
Structural Design
live load that can have a dynamic effect should be increased by an
• Definition impact factor.
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Loads
Lecture #1 For highway bridge design, AAHSTO prescribes that the impact factor expressed as a
Objectives
portion of live load is
Structural Design 50
• Definition 𝐼= ≤ 0.30
• Principles of Design 𝐿 + 125
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead In buildings, ASCE 7-05 requires an increase in the maximum live load by the following
• Live
• Highway
percentages to account for the magnification of imposed loads due to impact:
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake Condition Increase
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997 For supports of elevators and elevator machinery 20%
 Load application
For supports of reciprocating machinery or power driven units 50%
Summary
For hangers supporting floors and balconies 33%
For cab-operated travelling crane support girders and their connections 25%
For pedant-operated traveling crane support girders and their connections 10%

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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives
E. Wind Load - On any typical building of rectangular plan and
Structural Design
elevation, wind exerts pressure on the windward side and suction on
• Definition the leeward side, as well as either uplift or downward pressure on the
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure roof.
Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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1 q – dynamic pressure
Loads q  V 2
2  - mass density of air
V – wind velocity
Lecture #1
Objectives
q  0.00256 V 2 q – psf, V – mph

 0.62 V 2
Structural Design
• Definition
q – MPa, V – m/s
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
ASCE 7 defines the velocity pressure using a modified form (Eq. 6-15):
Loads
• Dead
• Live Kd – wind directionality factor
• Highway Kz – velocity pressure exposure coeff
• Impact
• Wind
q z  0.00256 K z K zt K dV 2 I Kzt – topographic factor
• Earthquake I – importance factor
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997 qh is the calculated qz at midheight of the roof
 Load application

Summary
Equivalent Static pressure p
Typically, only the first term is considered,
p  qGC p  qi (GC pi ) Because the 2nd term cancels out as it produces
External pressure Internal pressure Equal and opposite pressures on the windward
And leeward walls.

ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
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NSCP Section Symbol / Notation Source

Loads 207.5.4 Basic Wind Speed

Directionality Factor
V Table 207-11
kd Table 207-2
207.5.5 Importance Factor Iw Table 207-3
Lecture #1
Objectives 207.5.6 Exposure Category
Structural Design Velocity Exposure kz
• Definition Table 207-4
Coefficient kh
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
207.5.7 Topographic Factor kzt Eq. 207-3
Loads 207.5.8 Gust-effect Factor G,Gf
• Dead
• Live for Rigid structure use 0.85 or Eq. 207-4
• Highway
• Impact for Flexible structure use Eq. 207-8
• Wind
• Earthquake 207.5.9 Enclosure Classification
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997 Internal Pressure
 Load application 207.5.11.1 Coefficient GCpi Fig 207-5
Summary External Pressure
207.5.11.2 Coefficient, Cp GCpf Fig 207-6

207.5.11.3 Force Coefficient Cf Fig 207-20 > 23

207.5.10 Velocity Pressure qz,qh Eq 207-15
NSCP 2010 National Structural Code of the Philippines 207.5.12 - 15 Design Wind Load p, F Eq 207-17 & 18
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Loads
Lecture #1
Objectives
F. Earthquake Load - When the ground under a structure suddenly
Structural Design
moves, the inertia of the mass of the structure tends to resist the
• Definition movement, causing the development of a shear force between the
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure ground and the structure.
Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Equivalent Lateral Base Shear Force

Procedure
Lecture #1
Objectives
ASCE 7 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (Eq. 12.8-1)
Structural Design 𝑽 = 𝑪𝒔 𝑾
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
𝑪𝒔 – seismic response coefficient, varying from around 0.01 for a low
• Live velocity related acceleration coefficient (say 0.05) on good soil (say,
• Highway
• Impact rock) with a good seismic resisting structural system (say, a moment-
• Wind
• Earthquake
resisting frame) for the maximum 240 foot-high “regular” building, to
 Equivalent Base Shear around 0.35 for a high velocity-related acceleration coefficient (say,
 UBC 1997
 Load application 0.20) on poor soil (say, soft clay) with a poor moment-resisting system
Summary
(say, unreinforced masonry) for a 120 foot-high “regular” building.
𝑾 – total dead load of the building, including partitions, and portions
of other loads

ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Introduction
Lecture #1
Objectives

Structural Design • Static lateral force procedure is introduced in UBC '97 1629.8.3
• Definition
• Principles of Design • Limited to use with regular structures less than 240 ft. in height
• Design Procedure
• And to irregular structures ≤ 65 feet or 5 stories in height.
Loads
• Dead
• Live Regular structures are symmetric, without discontinuities in plan or
• Highway elevation.
• Impact
• Wind
The building plan is generally rectangular.
• Earthquake The mass is reasonably uniform throughout the building's height.
 Equivalent Base Shear The shear walls line up from story to story.
 UBC 1997
 Load application Irregular structures include both vertical irregularities (UBC Table 16-L) or
plan irregularities (UBC Table 16-M). These irregular features include:
Summary
Reentrant corners.
Large openings in diaphragms.
Non-uniform distribution of mass or stiffness over building height (e.g. soft story).

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~dsl/egr437/class/loads/lateral/seismic/ubc97/modeling.html
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Introduction
Lecture #1
Objectives
•Basic premise of Earthquake Damage to Structure

Structural Design
seismic code Minor None
• Definition provisions: Moderate Some damage to non-structural elements
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
Major Maybe severe damage, but not collapse.
Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway •Seismic zones in U.S. Zones Damage to Structure MMI* Scale
• Impact
• Wind
(UBC '97 Figure No. 0 No Damage -----
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
16-2): 1 Minor V, VI
 UBC 1997
 Load application 2 Moderate VII
Summary 3 Major ≥ VII
4 Major -----
*MMI = Modified Mercalli Intensity scale of 1933.

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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Modelling Forces
Lecture #1 1997 UBC static lateral method considers both horizontal movement and vertical
Objectives
ground movement.
Structural Design
• Definition
The vertical component may be taken as zero, however, when using the allowable
• Principles of Design stress design procedure we statically model the inertial effects using Newton's 2nd
• Design Procedure law of motion:
Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway (1) 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎
• Impact
• Wind 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 acceleration
• Earthquake factor
 Equivalent Base Shear (2) 𝑊 𝑎
 UBC 1997 𝐹= 𝑎=𝑊
 Load application 𝑔 𝑔
Summary
(3) Shear Design equations:

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation
Lecture #1
Objectives 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
Structural Design 0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
• Definition 𝑊
• Principles of Design 𝑅
• Design Procedure Where:
𝑉 = base shear force. The horizontal seismic force acting at the base of the structure. It is important to note
Loads
that this force was developed for the strength design methodology and not the allowable stress approach.
• Dead
• Live 𝑊 = the dead weight of the building plus a percentage of the live load that is thought to be present during a
• Highway seismic event. See UBC '97 1630.1.1 for details about this live load addition.
• Impact
• Wind
(𝐶𝑣 𝐼/𝑅𝑇) = acceleration factor (also known as a seismic base shear coefficient). This coefficient will govern 𝑉
• Earthquake
for buildings with medium to long fundamental period of vibrations. The forces in these buildings are induced
 Equivalent Base Shear by the velocity component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "v" subscript.
 UBC 1997 (2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼/𝑅) = this coefficient is independent of the period of vibration. It will govern 𝑉 for buildings with short
 Load application fundamental periods of vibrations, like the buildings being studied in this class. The forces in these stiff
buildings are generated by the acceleration component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "a" subscript.
Summary
(0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼) = this coefficient is also independent of the period of vibration. It is a lower bound value, keeping 𝑉
at some minimum value.
(0.82𝑁𝑣 𝐼/𝑅) = this lower bound coefficient is only applicable to structures located in seismic zone 4 and
within 9.3 miles (15 km) of a known seismic fault.

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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Illustration
Lecture #1
Objectives
•It is common practice to express the base shear
Structural Design
design force as a percentage of W; calculating only
• Definition the coefficient term.
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
•The following are some typical base shear
Loads
• Dead
coefficient values for a regular, single-story
• Live masonry building not located near a fault. In
• Highway
• Impact addition, we conservatively assumed that a Zone Coefficient
• Wind
• Earthquake
geotechnical site investigation was not completed. 1 V = 0.067W
 Equivalent Base Shear Because this type of building is so stiff, the
 UBC 1997 2a V = 0.122W
 Load application (2.5𝐶𝑎𝐼/𝑅) coefficient governs 𝑉.
2b V = 0.156W
Summary
3 V = 0.200W
4 V = 0.244W

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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝒁 Seismic zone factor
Structural Design  Effective peak ground accelerations with 10%
• Definition
• Principles of Design
probability of being exceeded in 50 yrs.
• Design Procedure
 Given as a percentage of acceleration due to gravity.
Loads
• Dead
For example, consider zone 4, where Z = 0.4  horizontal
• Live ground acceleration is predicted at 0.4g at bedrock.
• Highway
• Impact  Doesn't account for building dynamic properties or
• Wind
• Earthquake
local soil conditions Zone 𝒁
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997  '97 UBC Figure 16.2 (seismic zone map) 0 0
 Load application
1 0.075
Summary
2A 0.15
2B 0.20
3 0.30
0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉=
𝑅𝑇
𝑊≤
𝑅
𝑊 4 0.40
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
NSCP Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑰 Importance factor Occupancy Seismic Seismic
Structural Design  Classifying buildings according to use Category Importance Importance
Factor, I Factor, Ip
• Definition
• Principles of Design
and importance.
I. Essential
• Design Procedure Essential facilities mean that the building Facilities
1.50 1.50

Loads must remain functioning in a catastrophe. II. Hazardous

• Dead 1.25 1.50
• Live
Essential facilities include: hospitals, Facilities
• Highway communication centers, fire and police III. Special
• Impact stations. Occupancy 1.00 1.00
• Wind Structures
• Earthquake Design for greater safety.
 Equivalent Base Shear IV. Standard
 UBC 1997
 Load application
 '97 UBC Table 16-K Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structures
I = 1.25 for essential and hazardous
Summary
facilities. V. Miscellaneous
1.00 1.00
Structures
I = 1.0 all others.

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑻 Building's fundamental period of vibration
Structural Design
 Fundamental period of vibration is the length of time, in seconds, it
• Definition takes a structure to move through one complete cycle of free vibration
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
in the first mode.
Loads
 There are two methods to estimate 𝑻: Masonry buildings using Method A
• Dead Method A:
• Live Height Period
• Highway (ft) (seconds)
• Impact
• Wind 20 0.19
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear Method B: 40 0.32
 UBC 1997
 Load application 60 0.43
Summary 120 0.73
160 0.90

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉=
𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑊≤
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑊
(an iterative approach not generally used in regular structures)
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives

Structural Design
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑪𝒂 & 𝑪𝒗 Seismic dynamic response spectrum values
Structural Design  Accounts for how the building and soil can amplify the basic ground
• Definition
• Principles of Design
acceleration or velocity.
• Design Procedure
 𝐶𝑎 and 𝐶𝑣 are determined from respectively '97 UBC tables 16-Q and
Loads 16-R as a function of the following
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
 𝑍, Seismic zone factor
• Impact
• Wind
 underlying soil conditions
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 proximity to a fault
 UBC 1997
 Load application  near source factors
Summary

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition Building Soil Induced Seismic
Lecture #1 Underlying soil condition Description Description Force
Objectives
 The soil layers beneath a structure Flexible
Soft (big S) Higher
Structural Design (Large T's)
• Definition
affects the way that structure responds
• Principles of Design to the earthquake motion. When the Flexible Stiff Lower
• Design Procedure period of vibration of the building is
close to the period of vibration of the Stiff Soft Higher
Loads
• Dead underlying soil, the bedrock motion is Flexible Stiff Lower
• Live
• Highway amplified. The building experiences
• Impact larger motions than that predicted by 𝒁 The soil profile types
• Wind
• Earthquake
alone. The following are generalizations Description Type
 Equivalent Base Shear about building response as a function of
 UBC 1997 building flexibility and underlying soil Hard Rock SA
 Load application
stiffness. Rock SB
Summary
 Specific details about each type can be Very dense soil and soft rock SC
found in '97 UBC Table 16-J and '97 UBC
1629.3.1. Stiff soil SD
In the absence of a geotechnical site Soft soil SE
0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 investigation, use SD. This is in accordance with
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
≤𝑉=
𝑅𝑇
𝑊≤
𝑅
𝑊
'97 UBC 1629.3 See '97 UBC 1629.3.1 SF
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1 Proximity to a fault
Objectives

Structural Design Table 208-6 Seismic Source Types

• Definition
• Principles of Design Seismic Source
• Design Procedure Seismic
Seismic Source Description Definition / Maximum
Source Type
Loads Moment Magnitude, M
• Dead
• Live Faults that are capable of
• Highway
• Impact
producing large magnitude events
A M >= 7.0
• Wind and that have a high rate of
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
seismic activity
 UBC 1997
 Load application
B All faults other than Types A and C 6.5 <= M <= 7.0
Summary
Faults that are not capable of
producing large magnitude
C earthquakes and that have a M < 6.5
0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 relatively low rate of seismic
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅 activity
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑵𝒗 & 𝑵𝒂 , Near source factors that are applicable in only seismic zone 4
Structural Design They account for the very large ground accelerations that occur near
• Definition
• Principles of Design the seismic source (the fault).
• Design Procedure
 𝑁𝑣 is generally used with 𝐶𝑣 for structures located < 9.3 miles (15km)
Loads
• Dead from the fault.
• Live
• Highway  𝑁𝑎 is used with 𝐶𝑎 for structures located < 6.2 miles (10 km) from
• Impact
• Wind
the fault.
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 Both 𝑁𝑎 and 𝑁𝑣 are based upon the type of seismic source, A - C.
 UBC 1997
 Load application
This source type, and location of fault, must be established using
approved geotechnical data like a current USGS survey.
Summary

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑪𝒂 & 𝑪𝒗 Seismic dynamic response spectrum values
Structural Design
• Definition Table 208-7 Seismic Coeff Ca Table 208-4 Near-Source Factor Na
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Z Closest Distance to
Loads Seismic Known Seismic
• Dead Type Z=0.2 Z=0.4
• Live
Source Source
• Highway
SA 0.16 0.32 Na Type
• Impact ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
• Wind
• Earthquake SB 0.20 0.40 Na
 Equivalent Base Shear A 1.2 1.0
 UBC 1997
 Load application
SC 0.24 0.40 Na
B 1.0 1.0
Summary SD 0.28 0.44 Na
C 1.0 1.0
SE 0.34 0.44 Na

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
SF See Code Footnote
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑪𝒂 & 𝑪𝒗 Seismic dynamic response spectrum values
Structural Design
• Definition Table 208-7 Seismic Coeff Cv Table 208-4 Near-Source Factor Nv
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Z Closest Distance to Known
Loads Seismic Seismic Source
• Dead Type Z=0.2 Z=0.4 Source
• Live
Type ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥ 15
• Highway
• Impact
SA 0.16 0.32 Nv km
• Wind
• Earthquake SB 0.20 0.40 Nv A 1.6 1.2 1.0
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application
SC 0.32 0.56 Nv B 1.2 1.0 1.0
Summary SD 0.40 0.64 Nv C 1.0 1.0 1.0
SE 0.64 0.96 Nv

0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
SF See Code Footnote
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design

Equation Definition
Lecture #1
Objectives
𝑹, Response modification factor
 A judgement factor that accounts for building ductility, damping, and over-
Structural Design
• Definition
strength.
• Principles of Design Ductility = ability to deform in the inelastic range prior to fracture:
• Design Procedure Damping = resistance to motion provided by internal material friction.
Loads  Over-strength = the extra or reserve strength in the structural system. It comes
• Dead
• Live
from the practice of designing every member in a group according to the
• Highway forces in the most critical member of that group.
• Impact
• Wind
 Structural systems with larger 𝑹 provides better seismic performance.
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
In '97 UBC Table 16-N, R range from 2.8 (light steel frame bearing walls with
 UBC 1997 tension bracing) to 8.5 (special SMRFS of steel or concrete and some dual
 Load application systems).
Summary  For bearing wall systems where the wall elements resist both lateral and
vertical loads:
Wood shear panel buildings with 3 or less stories: R = 5.5
Masonry shear walls: R = 4.5.
0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑉= 𝑊≤ 𝑊
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑊
𝑅
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Lecture #1
Objectives

Structural Design
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1
Objectives
1. Determine the base shear force, 𝑉
Structural Design 2. Determine and distribute forces over the height of the building
• Definition
• Principles of Design
(story forces) 𝐹𝑥
• Design Procedure
3. There are two different sets of story forces distributed to the
Loads primary LFRS:
• Dead
• Live For vertical elements, use 𝐹𝑥
• Highway
• Impact For horizontal elements, use 𝐹𝑝𝑥
• Wind
• Earthquake Recall that the primary LFRS for a box building = horizontal diaphragms and
 Equivalent Base Shear vertical shear walls.
 UBC 1997
 Load application 4. Adjust these strength level forces by a redundancy/reliability factor,
Summary 𝑟, and an allowable stress factor of 1.4 (will be discussed later)

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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1 A. Story forces for vertical elements
Objectives
 Used in design of shear walls and shear wall anchorage at the foundation.
Structural Design
• Definition (a) Determined before 𝐹𝑝𝑥 ’s (b) Applied simultaneously at all levels and (c) Results in a
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
triangular distribution of forces over a multi-story building that has approximately equal
floor masses.
Loads
• Dead
• Live
𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = (′97 𝑈𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝑞𝑛 30 − 15)
• Highway σ𝑡𝑛 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
• Impact
• Wind 𝑛
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear 𝑉 = 𝐹𝑡 + ෍ 𝐹𝑖 (′97 𝑈𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝑞𝑛 30 − 13)
 UBC 1997
𝑖=1
 Load application
Where: 𝑤𝑥 , 𝑤𝑖 = tributary weights at levels 𝑥 and 𝑖
Summary
ℎ𝑥 , ℎ𝑖 = height above base to levels 𝑥 and 𝑖
0.07𝑇𝑉 ≤ 0.25𝑉
𝐹𝑡 = roof level force = ቊ
0, 𝑇 ≤ 0.7 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
 Further detail can be found in '97 UBC 1630.5.

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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1 B. Story forces for horizontal elements.
Objectives
 At roof level, 𝐹𝑝𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥
Structural Design
• Definition  At other levels, 𝐹𝑝𝑥 > 𝐹𝑥
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure
 Accounting for the possibility that larger instantaneous forces can occur on individual
diaphragms
Loads
• Dead
 Applied individually to each level for the design of that diaphragm (Eq. 33-1)
• Live 𝑛
• Highway
• Impact 𝐹𝑡 + ෍ 𝐹𝑖
• Wind 𝑖=𝑥
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear 0.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑤𝑝𝑥 ≤ 𝐹𝑝𝑥 = 𝑤𝜌𝑥 ≤ 1.0𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑤𝑝𝑥
 UBC 1997 𝑛
 Load application
෍ 𝑤𝑖
Summary 𝑖=𝑥
where 𝑤𝑝𝑥 = weight of diaphragm and elements tributary to it at level 𝑥
 For masonry buildings (and concrete) supported by flexible diaphragms, the 𝑹 factor used
to determine 𝑽 must be reduced to 4.0 from 4.5 ('97 UBC 1633.2.9.3).
 For more information see '97 UBC 1630.6.

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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1 C. The single story building is a special case.
Objectives
 In most cases, 𝑇 ≤ 0.7 and 𝐹𝑡 then is taken as zero.
Structural Design
• Definition
 From (Eq. 30-15)
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure 𝑉 − 0 𝑤1 ℎ1
𝑥 = 1 𝐹1 = =𝑉
Loads 𝑤1 ℎ1
• Dead
• Live
• Highway  From (Eq. 33-1):
• Impact 0 + 𝐹1
• Wind 𝐹𝑝1 = 𝑤𝑝1 , 𝑤𝑝1 = 𝑤1
• Earthquake 𝑤1
 Equivalent Base Shear 𝐹𝑝1 = 𝐹1
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary  Consequently, 𝐹1 = 𝐹𝑝1 = 𝑉 for the case of wood frame buildings.

 For masonry buildings,𝐹𝑝 , is based upon a slightly larger 𝑉 due to 𝑅 changing from 4.5 to
4.0 according to '97 UBC 1633.2.9.3. In this case, then: 𝐹1 = 𝑉 and 𝐹𝑝1 = 1.125𝑉.

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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1 D. Redundancy/reliability factor and the 1.4 ASD adjustment
Objectives
 In the load combination all earthquake forces are generically called E
Structural Design 𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣 ′97 𝑈𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝑞. 30 − 1
• Definition
• Principles of Design 𝐸ℎ = load developed from 𝑉, (like 𝐹𝑥 or 𝐹𝑝𝑥 ) or 𝐹𝑝 (design force on a part of a structure).
• Design Procedure 𝐸𝑣 = 𝐷 + 0.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝐷 for Strength Design, 0 for ASD,
Loads
𝜌 = redundancy/reliability factor, discussed below.
• Dead 𝐸 is at strength level and must be divided by 1.4 for use in ASD
• Live
• Highway
• Impact  The redundancy/reliability factor penalizes structures in seismic zones 3 and 4 that do not
• Wind have a reasonable number and distribution of lateral force resisting elements, such as
• Earthquake shear walls. These structures with a limited number of shear walls are referred to as non-
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
redundant structures where the failure of one wall loads to the total collapse of the
 Load application structure, where:
20
Summary 1.0 ≤ 𝜌 = 2 − ≤ 1.5
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑏
𝐴𝐵 = the ground floor area of the structure in ft2
𝜌 = 1 when in seismic zones 0, 1, or 2 and when calculating drift
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum element-story shear ratio,𝑟𝑖 , occurring at any story level in bottom 2/3 of
the structure. 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 identifies the least redundant story
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Distribution of Seismic Forces to Primary LFRS

Lecture #1 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 10
Objectives 𝑟𝑖 =
𝑅𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑤
Structural Design
• Definition 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = shear in most heavily loaded wall
• Principles of Design 𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 = total story force, 𝐹𝑥
• Design Procedure
𝑙𝑤 = length of most heavily loaded shear wall.
Loads
• Dead Single story, regular building
• Live
• Highway By inspecting 𝑟 and 𝑟𝑖 equation, we see that…
• Impact
• Wind  To maintain a 𝜌 = 1.0, the minimum length of the most heavily loaded shear wall is fixed as
• Earthquake 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
 Equivalent Base Shear 𝐼𝑤 ≥ 0.5 𝐴𝐵
 UBC 1997
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝑅
 Load application  If a flexible diaphragm, a common controlling case will be when 𝑅 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.5. In this case
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
Summary then 𝐼𝑤 ≥ 0.25 𝐴𝐵 to keep 𝜌 = 1.0
Upon modifying the various 𝐸ℎ values by 𝜌 and 1.4, 𝐸ℎ becomes 𝐸ℎ′ . For the single story
building, the shear wall forces and diaphragm forces at ASD level would look like
𝐹𝑖′ = 𝜌𝐹𝑝1 1Τ1.4 𝐹1′ = 𝜌𝐹1 1Τ1.4

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Problem 1.1
Lecture #1
Objectives A 9-story building has a moment resisting steel
Structural Design
frame for a lateral force-resisting system. Find
• Definition
• Principles of Design
the vertical distribution of lateral forces 𝐹𝑥 and
• Design Procedure the diaphragm force, 𝐹𝑝𝑥 at level 7
Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway The following information is given:
• Impact
• Wind Zone 4
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear Seismic source type = 𝐴
 UBC 1997
 Load application Distance to seismic source = 15 𝑘𝑚
Summary
Soil profile type = 𝐶
𝑅 = 8.5
𝑇 = 1.06 sec.

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Problem 1.1
𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 = 233.8 − 17.3 = 21 .5
Lecture #1
𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥
Objectives
Level x ℎ 𝑥 (ft) 𝑤𝑥 (kip) 𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥 (kip-ft) 𝐹𝑥 (kip)
σ 𝑤𝑖 ℎ 𝑖
Structural Design
9
• Definition 116 214 24,824 0.1026 39.52
• Principles of Design
8
• Design Procedure
104 405 42,120 0.1741 37.70
7 92 405 37,260 0.1540 33.35
Loads
6
• Dead 80 405 32,400 0.1339 29.00
• Live
5 68 584 39,712 0.1642 35.54
• Highway
4
• Impact 56 422 23,632 0.0977 21.15
• Wind
3
• Earthquake
44 422 18,568 0.0768 16.62
 Equivalent
2 Base Shear32 440 14,080 0.0582 12.60
 UBC 1997
1 application 20
 Load 465 9,300 0.0384 8.32
Summary SUM 3,762 241,896 233.8

Note:
𝐹9 = 22.3
Total 𝐹𝑥 at level 9:
𝐹9 + 𝐹𝑡 = 22.3 + 17.3 = 39.52 kips
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Problem 1.1
Lecture #1
Objectives

Structural Design
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure

Loads
• Dead
• Live
• Highway
• Impact
• Wind
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear
 UBC 1997
 Load application

Summary

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Summary
Lecture #1
Objectives
Structural Design
Structural Design Iterative design procedure
• Definition
• Principles of Design
• Design Procedure Loads
Loads a. Dead loads
• Dead
• Live
b. Live loads
• Highway c. Earthquake Loads (Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure)
• Impact
• Wind d. Wind loads
• Earthquake
 Equivalent Base Shear e. Impact loads
 UBC 1997
 Load application f. Highway loads
Summary

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