Globalization

Alexie Vera P. Magaway

 Globalization Defined

A lot of people are talking about globalization,

many of whom have strong and often
conflicting views about the subject.
Globalization is seen as a complicated process,
focusing on how events, decisions and activities
in one part of the world can have
consequences in other parts of the world.
While there is a privileged way of experiencing
globalization, the shrinking of the world is not always
exciting. For example, it is very common for young
women in developing countries to be recruited in
the internet as mail-order brides. However the
promise of a good life is often broken and they end
up as sexual and domestic helpers in foreign lands.
They have experienced the shrinking of the world
negatively.
Governments that decide to welcome foreign
investments on the belief that they provide job
opportunities and capital for the country offer
public lands as factory or industrial sites. In the
process, poor people living in these lands are
evicted.
Different people encounter globalization in a variety of
ways so ask yourself questions like: “Is globalization good
or bad? Is it beneficial or detrimental?”
Two Premises of Globalization:
Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at
multiple levels.
It is an uneven process that affects people differently.
 Different Definitions of Globalization
Globalization is increasing interdependence of
national economies in trade, finance, and
macroeconomic policy.
Globalization is diffusion of practices, values and
technology that have an influence on people`s lives
worldwide.
A reconfiguration of social geography marked by the
growth of transplanetary and supraterritorial
connections between people.
The trend has unfolded at greatest speeds, on
greatest scales, to greatest extents, and with
greatest impacts since the middle of the twentieth
century.
Globalization is a process fueled by and resulting in,
increasing cross- border flows of goods, services,
money, people, information, and culture.
Globalization as a development in the structure of
geography is closely interrelated with concurrent
developments in structures of production, governance,
identity and knowledge.
Time and space is squeezed together by means of digital
technology and quick transport.
"Globalisation can be thought of as a process (or set of
processes) which embodies a transformation of the
spatial organisation of social relations and transactions."
David Held et al. 1999
Globalisation refers to all those processes by which the
peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world
society, global society." Martin Albrow, 1990
Globalisation can [...] be defined as the intensification of
worldwide social relations which link distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa." Anthony
Giddens, 1990.
The characteristics of the globalisation trend
include the internationalising of production, the
new international division of labour, new
migratory movements from South to North, the
new competitive environment that accelerates
these processes, and the internationalising of
the state [...] making states into agencies of the
globalizing world." Robert Cox, 1994.
 Common Themes

The most common opinion of globalization is

internationalization. "Global" is described as cross-border
relations between countries, and "globalization" incomes
a growth of international exchange and
interdependence.
"Globalization" is found in enlarged movements between
countries of people, money, investments, diseases,
pollutants, messages, ideas etc. (Scholte 2005: 16).
 Liberalization

Economic liberalization (or economic liberalisation) is

the lessening of government regulations and restrictions
in an economy in exchange for greater participation
by private entities.
In recent decades, there has been widespread
reduction or even abolition of regulatory trade barriers,
foreign-exchange restrictions, capital controls, and
visas. (Scholte 2005: 16).
 Universalization

“Globalization" is the process of spreading various

objects and experiences to people all around of the
world.
Globalization-as-universalization is viewed as
standardization and homogenization with worldwide
cultural, economic, legal and political convergence.
(Scholte 2005: 16).
 Westernization or Americanization

 The social structures of modernity like capitalism,

rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism,
individualism, and so on, are spread the world over,
normally destroying earlier-existent cultures and local
self-determination in the process.
 "Globalization" in this sense is sometimes described as
imperialism.
 Globalization understood in this way is often
interpreted as colonization, Americanization and
"westtoxication
 Westernization or Americanization

Current large scale globalization has resulted mainly

from forces of modernity like rationalist knowledge,
capitalist production, and bureaucratic governance.
It means that governance institutions, firms, mass
media, academics and civil society associations in
Western Europe and North America have ranked
among the most enthusiastic promoters of
contemporary globalization. (Scholte 2005: 16, 58).
 Characteristics of Globalization

Globalisation is a multi-dimensional process

characterised by:
 The acceptance of a set of economic rules for the entire world
designed to maximise profits and productivity by universalising
markets and production, and to obtain the support of the state with
a view to making the national economy more productive and
competitive; technological innovation and organisational change
centred on flexibilisation and adaptability; the expansion of a
specific form of social organisation based on information as the main
source of productivity and power; the reduction of the welfare state,
privatisation of social services, flexibilisation of labour relations and
weaker trade unions; de facto transfer to trans-national organisations
of the control of national economic policy instruments, such as
monetary policy, interest rates and fiscal policy; the dissemination of
common cultural values, but also the re-emergence of nationalism,
cultural conflict and social movements." R. Urzua, 20001.
Globalization is the process by which the world,
previously isolated that’s why there are seven
continents having many countries with different
cultures, through physical and technological distance,
becomes increasingly interconnected.
 We mean that the whole of the world is increasingly behaving as
though it were a part of a single market, with interdependent
production, consuming similar goods, and responding to the same
impulses. Globalization is manifested in the growth of world trade
as a proportion of output (the ratio of world imports to gross world
product, GWP, has grown from some 7% in 1938 to about 10% in
1970 to over 18% in 1996). It is reflected in the explosion of foreign
direct investment (FDI): FDI in developing countries has increased
from $2.2 billion in 1970 to $154 billion in 1997. It has resulted also in
national capital markets becoming increasingly integrated, to the
point where some $1.3 trillion per day crosses the foreign
exchange markets of the world, of which less than 2% is directly
attributable to trade transactions.
An increasing share of consumption consists of goods
that are available from the same companies almost
anywhere in the world. The technology that is used to
produce these goods is increasingly standardized and
invariant to the location of production. Above all,
ideas have increasingly become the common
property of the whole of humanity.
 Third Great Wave of Globalization

The last sixty years have witnessed a huge increase

in globalization, but the phenomenon has been
going on for much longer. Thomas Friedman
describes the current trend as the third great wave
of globalization in human history.
Assignment

In an ½ crosswise answer this question:

1. Is globalization a natural process that is
essentially part of the evolution of mankind or is it
perhaps a phenomenon representing the
financial interests of the most powerful countries in
the world?
To be submitted next meeting July 4, 2019