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Elements
Elements
• Science has come
along way since
Aristotle’s theory of
Air, Water, Fire, and
Earth.
• Scientists have
identified 90 naturally
occurring elements,
and created about 28
others.
Democritus
• Atoms are the
smallest particle of
matter
Elements
• The elements,
alone or in
combinations,
make up our
bodies, our world,
our sun, and in
fact, the entire
universe.
The most abundant
element in the earth’s crust
is oxygen.
Mendeleev
Wave Model
Atomic Mass
• Atomic Mass
refers to the
“weight” of the
atom.
• It is approximately
equal to the
number of protons
This is a helium atom. Its atomic
plus the number of mass is approximately 4 (2
neutrons. protons plus 2 neutrons).
• The unit of
measurement for
an atom is an AMU.
It stands for atomic
mass unit.
• One AMU is nearly
equal to the mass
of one proton.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
• There are
6.02 X 1023, or
602,000,000,000,0
00,000,000,000
amus in one gram.
• (Remember that
electrons are 1800
times smaller than
one amu).
Symbols
• All elements have
Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
have the same number of
electron orbits.
Electron Orbits
Families Periods
• Columns of elements are • Each horizontal row of
called groups or families. elements is called a period.
• Elements in each family • Elements have the same
have similar but not number of electron orbits
identical properties. • Properties change greatly
• For example, lithium (Li), across any given row.
sodium (Na), potassium • The first element in a
(K), and other members of period is always an
family IA are all soft, white, extremely active solid. The
shiny metals. last element in a period, is
• All elements in a family always an inactive gas.
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Hydrogen
• The hydrogen square sits atop Family
AI, but it is not a member of that
family. Hydrogen is in a class of its
own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in
its one and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
Alkali Metals