First Aid Lecture2

FIRST AID
ROWYN PANGGA,MD
22/06/2018
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN TODAY?
• QUICKLY RECOGNIZE AN EMERGENCY

• ASSESS A VICTIM AND RECOGNIZE LIFE-THREATENING
CONDITIONS
• KNOW WHEN TO CALL THE EMERGENCY HOTLINE (7772-1111)

• FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR COMMON ILLNESSES AND INJURY
STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

WHAT IS FIRST AID?
• THE IMMEDIATE CARE OR ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO ANY PERSON

SUFFERING A SUDDEN ILLNESS OR INJURY.

WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN FIRST AID?
• RESPOND SAFELY, CONFIDENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY IN AN

EMERGENCY.

AIMS OF FIRST AID
• PRESERVE LIFE
• PREVENT THE CASUALTY’S CONDITION FROM BECOMING WORSE
• PROMOTE RECOVERY

FIRST AID KIT
• RUBBING ALCOHOL • SAFETY PINS
• POVIDONE IODINE • SCISSORS/ TWEEZERS
• HYDROGEN PEROXIDE • MEDICAL TAPE
• COTTON/COTTON SWAB • SPLINTS
• BAND AID • TONGUE DEPRESSOR
• GAUZE PADS • THERMOMETER
• GLOVES
• BANDAGE (TRIANGULAR) ELASTIC
ROLLER BANDAGE

BLEEDING
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
Three types of
bleeding:

OPEN WOUND
Amputation Avulsion Crush Injury
Puncture Abrasion Laceration

ABRASION
• SUPERFICIAL WOUNDS IN
WHICH THE TOP-MOST LAYER
OF THE SKIN (THE EPIDERMIS)
IS SCRAPED OFF.
• MINOR WOUNDS OFTEN STOP

BLEEDING WITHOUT
INTERVENTION.

LACERATION
• ARE JAGGED, IRREGULAR,
BREAKS OR TEARS IN THE
SKIN
• E.G. MACHINERY ACCIDENT

AVULSION
• IS FORCIBLE SEPARATION OR
TEARING OF SKIN OR TISSUE
FROM THE BODY
• TORN SKIN/TISSUE MAY BE LOST

OR TOO DAMAGED TO BE
REPAIRED

PUNCTURE WOUNDS
• ARE CAUSED BY A SHARP
OBJECT THAT PENETRATES
THE SKIN.
• E.G. NAIL, ANIMAL BITE

AMPUTATION
• REMOVAL OF A BODY PART.

CRUSH INJURY
• INJURY BY AN OBJECT THAT
CAUSES COMPRESSION OF
THE BODY OR PART OF THE
BODY IS SQUEEZED BETWEEN
2 HEAVY OBJECTS

INCISED WOUNDS
• COMMONLY CAUSED BY
KNIVES, METAL EDGES,
BROKEN GLASS, OR OTHER
SHARP OBJECTS

MINOR WOUND CARE
• UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS. PUT ON GLOVES
• STOP THE BLEEDING WITH DIRECT PRESSURE, MAY TAKE LESS
THAN 5 MINUTES.
• RINSE THOROUGHLY WITH CLEAN WATER.

• APPLY TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT TO A SUPERFICIAL WOUND.
• COVER WITH A DRESSING.

TREATMENT OF SEVERE BLEEDING
• THE PRIORITY IS TO STOP THE BLEEDING. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO
CLEAN THE WOUND.
• REMOVE ANY CLOTHING OVER THE WOUND SO YOU CAN SEE

WHERE THE BLEEDING IS COMING FROM
• APPLY CONTINUOUS, FIRM DIRECT PRESSURE. ADD DRESSINGS

IF SOAKED; DON’T REMOVE AND REPLACE.
• APPLY A PRESSURE BANDAGE TO SECURE DRESSINGS IN PLACE

AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE.
• DON’T WRAP SO TIGHTLY THAT IT CREATES A TOURNIQUET EFFECT.

TOURNIQUET APPLICATION
• STOPS BLOOD FLOW TO AN ARM OR LEG BY COMPRESSING THE BLOOD VESSELS.
• CAN LEAD TO SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS LOSS OF AN ARM OR LEG
• USE ONLY IF SEVERE, UNCONTROLLED BLEEDING FROM AN ARM OR LEG IS LIFE-
THREATENING.
• APPLY A TOURNIQUET TO THE LIMB AT LEAST 2” ABOVE THE INJURY

• TIGHTEN THE ROD JUST TO THE POINT THAT BLEEDING STOPS, AND SECURE IT.
• NOTIFY EMS THAT A TOURNIQUET WAS APPLIED, AND THE TIME.

NOSE BLEED
• OCCURS WHEN A SMALL BLOOD VESSEL IN
THE LINING OF THE NOSE BURSTS.
• IT VERY COMMON IN CHILDREN AND

OFTEN RESULT FROM HARMLESS
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS YOUR CHILD PICKING
THEIR NOSE, BLOWING IT TOO HARD OR
TOO OFTEN OR FROM GETTING KNOCKED
ON THE NOSE DURING PLAY

FIRST AID FOR NOSE BLEEDING
• SIT DOWN AND LEAN FORWARD SLIGHTLY. ✔ x
• PINCH THE LOWER PART OF THE NOSTRILS
JUST BELOW THE BONY PART OF THE NOSE
FOR 10MINUTES WHILE BREATHING THROUGH
THE MOUTH.
• RELEASE NOSTRILS SLOWLY, REPEAT

PROCEDURE IF BLEEDING CONTINUE.
• DO NOT TOUCH OR BLOW THE NOSE FOR

ABOUT 24HRS. DO NOT PACT THE AFFECTED
NOSTRILS WITH COTTON.
• BRING PATIENT TO HOSPITAL IF NECESSARY.

MUSCLE, BONE AND
JOINT INJURIES
FRACTURE Types of Fracture
Simple Compound Greenstick Cominuted Impacted

• A MEDICAL CONDITION IN WHICH THERE
IS A BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF THE
BONE.
• AN OPEN FRACTURE HAS BLEEDING AND

PENETRATION OF THE SKIN BY THE
BONE.
• A CLOSED FRACTURE LEAVES THE SKIN

INTACT.

DISLOCATION
• A SEPARATION OR DISPLACEMENT
OF JOINT SURFACES.
• USUALLY CAUSED BY A HARD BLOW.

• TREAT A DISLOCATION THE SAME AS
A FRACTURE.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• PAIN AND TENDERNESS
• BRUISING, SWELLING AT INJURY SITE
• DEFORMITY, ANGULATION, BUMP, SHORTENING
• BLEEDING, EXPOSED BONE ENDS (OPEN
FRACTURE)
• NUMB, COLD TO TOUCH

• CREPITUS (CRACKLING SOUND WITH MOVEMENT)
• A “SNAP” OR “POP” HEARD AT THE TIME OF INJURY
• INABILITY TO MOVE THE INJURED PART

TREATMENT OF FRACTURE
• KEEP THE PERSON CALM AND STILL.
• COVER OPEN WOUNDS WITH A STERILE DRESSING.
CONTROL BLEEDING WITH GENTLE PRESSURE.
• APPLY AN ICE PACK WRAPPED IN A MOIST CLOTH

FOR 15-20 MINUTES.
• DO NOT TRY TO REALIGN A BROKEN BONE.

• DO NOT STRAIGHTEN OR MANIPULATE THE
FRACTURE SITE.
• SPLINT IN THE POSITION FOUND.

APPLYING A SPLINT
• TO IMMOBILIZE THE JOINTS ABOVE AND BELOW THE INJURY.
• ALLOWS TRANSPORT WITH LESS PAIN AND RISK OF FURTHER
INJURY.
• MADE FROM RIGID MATERIALS OR “BUDDY TAPED” TO ANOTHER

BODY PART.
• SELECT A SPLINT THAT IS LONGER THAN THE BONE IT WILL

SUPPORT.
• MEASURE IT AGAINST THE UNINJURED SIDE.

• CAREFULLY APPLY THE SPLINT.
• SECURE THE SPLINT ABOVE AND BELOW THE INJURY, NOT
DIRECTLY OVER IT.

SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
CONTUSION
• COMMONLY KNOWN AS
BRUISES, CAUSED BY A BLUNT
FORCE TRAUMA THAT
DAMAGES TISSUE UNDER THE
SKIN.

SPRAIN
• STRETCHING OR TEARING
LIGAMENTS OR OTHER
TISSUES AT A JOINT.
• CAUSED BY A SUDDEN TWIST

OR STRETCH OF A JOINT
BEYOND IT’S NORMAL MOTION

STRAIN
• AN INJURY TO A MUSCLE OR TENDON CAUSED BY
OVER-EXERTION.
• IN SEVERE CASES MUSCLES OR TENDONS ARE TORN

AND THE MUSCLE FIBRES ARE STRETCHED.

FIRST AID FOR SOFT TISSUE INJURY

BURNS
BURNS
• BURNS CAN RESULT FROM EXPOSURE TO
THE SUN, HOT LIQUIDS AND OBJECTS,
ELECTRICITY, OR CHEMICALS.
• BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FIRST, SECOND

AND THIRD DEGREE DEPENDING ON THEIR
DEPTH

FIRST DEGREE BURN Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
• INVOLVES ONLY THE OUTER

LAYER OF THE SKIN.
• THE SKIN IS DRY, PAINFUL,

AND SENSITIVE TO TOUCH
EX. SUNBURN

SECOND DEGREE BURN Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
• INVOLVES SEVERAL LAYERS

OF SKIN.
• THE SKIN BECOMES SWOLLEN,

PUFFY, WEEPY, OR BLISTERED.

THIRD DEGREE BURN
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
• INVOLVES ALL LAYERS OF SKIN AND

MAY INCLUDE ANY UNDERLYING
TISSUE OR ORGANS.
• THE SKIN IS DRY, PALE WHITE OR

CHARRED BLACK, SWOLLEN AND
SOMETIMES BREAKS
OPEN.

FIRST & SECOND
DEGREE BURNS:
• COOL BURNED AREA WITH

COOL (NOT ICE) WATER
• THE COLD LOWERS THE SKIN
TEMPERATURE AND LESSENS
THE SEVERITY OF THE BURN.
• DO NOT USE ICE, BECAUSE IT
MAY FURTHER DAMAGE THE
INJURED SKIN.

FIRST & SECOND
DEGREE BURNS:
• DO NOT TOUCH THE WOUND WITH YOUR

HANDS OR UNSTERILE OBJECTS.
• DO NOT PUT BUTTER, GREASE OR OIL.
THEY INCREASE THE RISK OF INFECTION.
• DO NOT BREAK BLISTERS THAT MAY
DEVELOP.
• IF BLISTERS BREAK, CLEAN THE AREA
BY RUNNING TAP WATER OVER IT.
• APPLY AN ANTIBIOTIC.

TREATMENT OF SEVERE BURNS
• IF CLOTHES ARE ON FIRE:
• STOP, DROP AND ROLL.
• IF YOU STAND UP, THE FIRE WILL
BURN YOUR AIRWAY.
• REMOVE FROM ENVIRONMENT IF

SMOKE AND HEAT.
• REMOVE ANY CLOTHING OR JEWELRY

THAT DOES NOT STICK TO THE BURNED
SKIN.
• COVER WITH A DRY, STERILE BANDAGE

OR CLOTH.

TREATMENT OF SEVERE BURNS
• MONITOR RESPONSE, BREATHING, AND
SIGNS OF SHOCK.
• LOOK FOR SINGED HAIRS OR SOOT AROUND THE
MOUTH OR NOSE.
• THIS COULD INDICATE A RESPIRATORY TRACT
BURN, WHICH MAY LEAD TO SWELLING THAT
CLOSES THE AIRWAY.
• REQUIRE IMMEDIATE MEDICAL

TREATMENT.
• CALL FOR MEDICAL HELP AND APPLY

MEDICAL TREATMENT.

CHEMICAL BURNS
• OCCUR WHEN SOMETHING CAUSTIC,
SUCH AS CLEANING PRODUCT—
BLEACH, AMMONIA—HOUSEHOLD
AND GARDEN PRODUCTS—
FERTILIZERS--, GASOLINE IS
SPLASHED INTO THE SKIN OR ONTO
THE SKIN

TREATMENT
CHEMICAL BURNS
SKIN
• WASH THE AREA WITH LARGE
QUANTITIES OF WATER FOR AT
LEAST 20 MINUTES.
• REMOVE ANY CONTAMINATED
CLOTHING DURING THE
WASHING.

TREATMENT
CHEMICAL BURNS
EYES
• FLUSH THE EYE UNDER A RUNNING

FAUCET OR SHOWER. YOU MAY NEED TO
OPEN AND CLOSE THE EYELIDS WITH
THE FINGERS
• CONTINUE FLUSHING FOR 15-20
MINUTES, OR UNTIL THE PAIN STOPS,
WHICHEVER TAKES LONG.
• AFTER FLUSHING, COVER THE EYE OR
SKIN WITH A CLEAN BANDAGE OR CLOTH.
• SEEK MEDICAL HELP

TREATMENT OF COLD BURNS
• SOAK THE AFFECTED AREA IN WARM WATER FOR 20 MINUTES (40 C

O
NO MORE THAN 42OC)
• REPEAT THE SOAKING PROCESS IF NEEDED, TAKING 20-MINUTES

BREAKS BETWEEN EACH SOAK
• APPLY WARM COMPRESS OR BLANKETS, IN ADDITION TO WARM-

WATER TREATMENTS

COLD INJURIES
FROSTBITE
• ACTUAL FREEZING OF A BODY PART
• OCCURS WHEN THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE BODY PART FALLS BELOW THE
FREEZING POINT OF BODY TISSUE (ABOUT
MINUS 4OC OR 25OF)
• IRREVERSIBLE TISSUE DAMAGE DEPENDS ON

THE EXTENT AND DURATION OF FREEZING AT
THE TISSUE LEVEL

TREATMENT OF COLD INJURIES
• IMMEDIATE, RAPID REWARMING:

O O
IMMERSE IN 40 TO 42 C (104 TO108 F) WATER-BATH, 15-30 MINUTES,
WITH ACTIVE MOTION OF JOINTS
• AVOID REFREEZING
• MAINTAIN HYDRATION
• APPROPRIATE WOUND CARE: APPLY A DRY, STERILE, SOFT DRESSING
• ELEVATE FROSTBITTEN PARTS

ELECTRICAL
INJURIES
ELECTRICAL INJURY
• A VICTIM CAN SUFFER SERIOUS INTERNAL
INJURIES.
• HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL CURRENTS

PASSING THROUGH THE BODY MAY DISRUPT
THE NORMAL HEART RHYTHM, CAUSE CARDIAC
ARREST, BURNS AND OTHER INJURIES.
• A CURRENT OF 1,000 VOLTS OR MORE IS

CONSIDERED HIGH VOLTAGE, BUT EVEN THE
110 VOLTS OF HOUSEHOLD CURRENT CAN BE
DEADLY.

• NEVER APPROACH OR TOUCH A
VICTIM OF AN ELECTRICAL INJURY
UNTIL YOU ARE SURE THE POWER IS
TURNED OFF.
• CHECK FOR BREATHING AND PULSE
IF THE VICTIM IS UNCONSCIOUS.
• CHECK FOR OTHER INJURIES.
BECAUSE A POWERFUL ELECTRIC
SHOCK CAN CAUSE STRONG
MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OR CAN
THROW THE VICTIM TO THE GROUND,
THE VICTIM MAY HAVE A FRACTURED
OR SPINAL INJURY. DO NOT MOVE
THE VICTIM.

FAINTING
FAINTING
• A BRIEF LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS USUALLY CAUSED BY A
MOMENTARY LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN.
• CAN BE CAUSED BY DEHYDRATION, TEMPORARY LOW

BLOOD PRESSURE OR LOW BLOOD SUGAR, OR MAY BE
RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL, EMOTIONAL OR PHYSICAL
STRESS.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FAINTING
• LIGHTHEADEDNESS
• PALE, SWEATY SKIN
• BLURRED VISION
• UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• NAUSEA

TREATMENT OF FAINTING
• HAVE THE PERSON LIE DOWN UNTIL DIZZINESS PASSES.
• DO NOT STAND UP UNTIL FEELING BETTER.
• LOOSEN RESTRICTIVE CLOTHING.
• CALL EMERGENCY HOTLINE IF THE VICTIM REMAINS UNRESPONSIVE
FOR MORE THAN 1-2 MINUTES, HAS SIGNS OF SUDDEN ILLNESS,
OR IS INJURED FROM A FALL.
• TREAT ANY INJURIES IF THE VICTIM FELL WHEN FAINTING.

HEAT
EMERGENCIES
HEAT EMERGENCIES
• HEAT-RELATED EMERGENCIES ARE A TRUE MEDICAL EMERGENCY.
• THEY USUALLY RESULT FROM HEAVY EXERCISE, WORK, OR PLAY IN HOT
WEATHER.
• THEY ALSO OCCUR WHEN PEOPLE SPEND A PROLONGED AMOUNT OF TIME IN

THE HEAT, SUCH AS DURING A HEAT WAVE.

HEAT CRAMPS TREATMENT:
• PAINFUL MUSCLE CRAMPS IN ARMS, • STOP ACTIVITY AND MOVE TO A

LEGS, AND ABDOMEN. COOL LOCATION.
• OCCUR DURING STRENUOUS • DRINK SPORTS DRINK OR JUICE.

ACTIVITY AND HEAVY SWEATING
• GENTLY STRETCH AND MASSAGE
MUSCLES

• NAUSEA, VOMITING MUSCLE
HEAT EXHAUSTION CRAMPS
• ELEVATED TEMPERATURE,
• SWEATING GENERALLY LESS THAN 40° C
• INTENSE THIRST • INCREASED HEART RATE
• PALE, COOL SKIN
• FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, FAINTNESS
• ANXIETY, HEADACHE
• DIZZINESS

TREATMENT OF HEAT EXHAUSTION
• STOP ACTIVITY AND LIE DOWN IN A COOL LOCATION.
• REMOVE CLOTHING.
• COOL THE PERSON (COOL WATER BATH, SPRAY, FAN)
• DRINK SPORTS DRINK OR JUICE IF TOLERATED.

-NO NAUSEA, VOMITING, SEIZURE, OR CONFUSION.
-RESPONSIVE, COHERENT, ABLE TO HOLD A GLASS WITHOUT HELP.

HEAT STROKE
• THE BODY IS UNABLE TO REGULATE ITS TEMPERATURE.
• BODY TEMPERATURE RISES RAPIDLY.
• CAN LEAD TO BRAIN DAMAGE OR DEATH IF NOT TREATED QUICKLY.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• HIGH BODY TEMPERATURE, USUALLY ABOVE 40° C
• HOT, DRY, FLUSHED SKIN (NO SWEATING)
• CONFUSION, DIZZINESS
• SLURRED SPEECH
• SEIZURES
• SEVERE HEADACHE
• RAPID BREATHING AND HEART RATE
• UNRESPONSIVENESS

TREATMENT OF HEAT STROKE
• QUICKLY COOL THE VICTIM
• IMMERSE IN WATER UP TO THE NECK.
• SPRAY, SPONGE, OR SHOWER WITH COOL WATER.
• PLACE ICE PACKS AGAINST THE GROIN, ARMPITS,
AND SIDES OF THE NECK

ANIMAL BITES
ANIMAL BITE
• RABIES AND TETANUS ARE THE BIGGEST CONCERNS BECAUSE THERE IS NO
CURE.
• A BITE FROM A WILD DOG, CAT, BAT, OR ANOTHER MAMMAL THAT IS

UNPROVOKED OR BEHAVING STRANGELY IS TREATED AS A RABIES EXPOSURE.

TREATMENT OF ANIMAL BITES
• WASH A MINOR WOUND IMMEDIATELY WITH SOAP AND LOTS OF WATER.
• WOUND IRRIGATION UNDER PRESSURE CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF RABIES OR
BACTERIAL INFECTION.
• CONTROL BLEEDING WITH DIRECT PRESSURE.

• GET MEDICAL CARE FOR FURTHER WOUND CLEANING, RABIES VACCINATION,
SIGNS OF INFECTION, OR CARE OF BITES TO THE FACE, NECK OR HANDS,
DEEP PUNCTURE WOUNDS, OR LARGE LACERATIONS.

BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT
• SCENE SAFETY
• ASSESS THE VICTIM'S RESPONSIVENESS.

• ACTIVATE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
• RETRIEVE A DEFIBRILLATOR, USUALLY AN AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR (AED).

• CHECK FOR SIGNS OF BREATHING AND PULSE BEFORE CHEST COMPRESSIONS FOR AT
LEAST FIVE SECONDS AND NO MORE THAN TEN SECONDS

AIRWAY
• HEAD TILT/CHIN LIFT: TILT VICTIM'S
HEAD BACK AND LIFT VICTIM'S CHIN
TO OPEN THE AIRWAY.

BREATHING
• GIVE RESCUE BREATHING, MOUTH TO MOUTH,
IN THE APNEIC PATIENT WITH A PULSE.
• FOR EFFECTIVE BREATHING, WATCH FOR

CHEST RISE AND AVOID EXCESSIVE
VENTILATION.
• 10 BREATHS SHOULD BE DELIVERED EACH

MINUTE, OR ONE BREATH EVERY SIX
SECONDS.
• EACH BREATH SHOULD BE DELIVERED OVER 1

SECOND. OBSERVE VISIBLE CHEST RISE.
• THE RATIO OF CHEST COMPRESSIONS TO

BREATHS IS 30 TO 2.

CIRCULATION
• CHECK PULSE LESS THAN 10 SECONDS
• NO PULSE: DO CPR! PUSH HARD AND FAST. BEGIN
CHEST COMPRESSIONS BEFORE VENTILATION.
• CHEST COMPRESSIONS ALLOW BLOOD FLOW TO

THE HEART AND BRAIN. DELAYS IN CHEST
COMPRESSIONS RESULT IN DIMINISHED SURVIVAL.
• THE CHEST SHOULD BE COMPRESSED 100-120/MIN

TO A DEPTH OF 2-2.4” (5-6CM)
• CHILDREN AND INFANTS: 1/3 DEPTH OF THE CHEST
(2” AND 1.5”)

RECOVERY POSITION
• FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE UNCONSCIOUS, OR SEMICONSCIOUS,

BUT ARE STILL BREATHING.
• IF THERE ARE SPINAL OR NECK INJURIES, DO NOT ATTEMPT
TO PLACE THE CASUALTY IN THE RECOVERY POSITION.

• STEP 1: KNEEL NEXT TO THE
PERSON. PLACE THE ARM CLOSEST
TO YOU STRAIGHT OUT FROM THE
BODY. POSITION THE FAR ARM WITH
THE BACK OF THE HAND AGAINST
THE NEAR CHEEK.
• STEP 2: GRAB AND BEND THE

PERSON’S FAR KNEE.

• STEP 3: PROTECTING THE HEAD WITH
ONE HAND, GENTLY ROLL THE
PERSON TOWARD YOU BY PULLING
THE FAR KNEE OVER AND TO THE
GROUND.
• STEP 4: TILT THE HEAD UP SLIGHTLY SO

THAT THE AIRWAY IS OPEN. MAKE SURE
THAT THE HAND IS UNDER THE CHEEK.

CHOKING
• CHOKING IS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH OTHER EMERGENCIES.
E.G. HEART ATTACK, ASTHMA, SEIZURE, DRUG OVERDOSE
• CONSIDER WHAT THE PERSON WAS DOING TO HELP RECOGNIZE

CHOKING: USUALLY HAPPEN WHEN A PERSON IS EATING
• UNIVERSAL SIGN OF CHOKING: 1 OR BOTH HANDS AT THE THROAT

MILD OBSTRUCTION
• THE AIRWAY IS PARTIALLY BLOCKED.
• IF THE PERSON CAN FORCEFULLY COUGH OR SPEAK, DO NOT
INTERFERE.
• FORCEFUL COUGHING IS THE BEST WAY TO RELIEVE AN OBSTRUCTION.

• ASK, “ARE YOU CHOKING?”
• IF CAN COUGH OR SPEAK, ENCOURAGE COUGHING.

SEVERE OBSTRUCTION- ACT QUICKLY!
• THE AIRWAY IS COMPLETELY BLOCKED AND THE PERSON CANNOT

BREATHE.
• USE ABDOMINAL THRUSTS (HEIMLICH MANEUVER) TO CLEAR THE

AIRWAY

CHOKING

HEART ATTACK
• A BLOCKED CORONARY ARTERY DEPRIVES THE HEART OF
OXYGEN.
• RESULTS IN DEATH OF HEART MUSCLE (HEART ATTACK)IF

ENOUGH CRITICAL HEART TISSUE IS AFFECTED, CAUSES
CARDIAC ARREST
• CAN END A LIFE IN SECONDS.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK
• CHEST DISCOMFORT: PRESSURE, TIGHTNESS,

SQUEEZING, FULLNESS.
• PALE, COOL, SWEATY SKIN

• SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• DIZZINESS, FAINTING OR UNRESPONSIVENESS

STROKE
• LIKE A HEART ATTACK OCCURRING IN THE BRAIN.

• CAUSED BY A CLOT OR BLEED IN THE BRAIN.
• SYMPTOMS MAY BE MINOR OR SEVERE.

STROKE RECOGNITION
SIGNS OF A STROKE.
• SMILE: ASK PERSON TO SMILE - BOTH SIDES

OF FACE SHOULD MOVE EQUALLY.
• TALK: ASK PERSON TO REPEAT A COMMON

PHRASE - LISTEN FOR SLURRED OR
INCORRECT WORDS.
• REACH: ASK PERSON TO CLOSE EYES AND

RAISE ARMS - LOOK FOR ARM DRIFT OR
WEAKNESS ON ONE SIDE.

MOVING AND
TRANSFERRING AN
INJURED PERSON
MOVING PATIENTS
• ONLY ASSIST AND NEVER FORCE THE PATIENT TO MOVE

• TRANSFER TO THE SHORTEST DISTANCE POSSIBLE
• LOCK WHEELCHAIRS/WHEELS OF THE BEDS PRIOR TO THE MOVE
• MOVE PATIENT TOWARD HIS/HER STRONGEST SIDE
• ALWAYS COMMUNICATE WITH THE PATIENT WHILE MOVING HIM/HER

TIME IS VERY IMPORTANT
THE GOLDEN HOUR
“THE CRITICAL TRAUMA PATIENT HAS ONLY
60 MINUTES FROM THE TIME OF INJURY
TO REACH DEFINITIVE SURGICAL CARE,
OR
THE ODDS OF A SUCCESSFUL RECOVERY
DIMINISH DRAMATICALLY”

EMERGENCY MOVES
• USE ONLY IF:

 PATIENT FACES AN IMMEDIATE DANGER
 YOU CANNOT GIVE LIFESAVING CARE BECAUSE OF LOCATION OR
POSITION

WITH ALL EMERGENCY CARRIES
• USE GOOD BODY MECHANICS/LIFTING TECHNIQUES

• DON’T TRY TO LIFT/CARRY PERSON BEFORE CHECKING FOR INJURIES

MOVING VICTIMS- IF ALONE
• UNRESPONSIVE VICTIM WHO
CANNOT SAFELY BE DRAGGED –
PACK-STRAP CARRY

FIGHTER’S CARRY
• SUPPORT THE PATIENT’S

WEIGHT ON YOUR SHOULDERS
WHILE HOLDING THE PATIENT’S
THIGH AND ARM

• LIGHTER VICTIM OR CHILD
 CRADLE CARRY (RESPONSIVE OR
UNRESPONSIVE VICTIMS)
PIGGYBACK CARRY (RESPONSIVE
VICTIM)
SUPPORT THE PATIENT’S WEIGHT WITH
YOUR ARMS UNDER THE PATIENT’S
THIGH

• RESPONSIVE VICTIM WHO CAN
WALK WITH HELP – ONE-
PERSON WALKING ASSIST

MOVING VICTIMS –WITH HELP
• IF RESPONSIVE VICTIM:
• TWO PERSON WALKING ASSIST
• BOTH RESCUERS POSITION THE PATIENT’S
ARMS OVER THEIR SHOULDERS AND GRASPS
THE PATIENTS WRIST WITH THE OTHER ARM
AROUND THE PATIENT’S WAIST

MOVING VICTIMS –WITH HELP
• TWO HANDED SEAT CARRY
• WHEN VICTIM IS
COOPERATIVE

TWO-RESCUER EXTREMITY CARRY
• TO CARRY A PATIENT DOWN
STEPS, THE FORWARD
RESCUER GRASPS PATIENTS
LEGS UNDER THE KNEES WHILE
THE REAR RESCUER REACHES
UNDER PATIENT’S ARMPITS
FROM BEHIND TO GRASP THE
PATIENT’S FOREARMS

THANK YOU.

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FIRST AID

• QUICKLY RECOGNIZE AN EMERGENCY

• KNOW WHEN TO CALL THE EMERGENCY HOTLINE (7772-1111)

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• THE IMMEDIATE CARE OR ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO ANY PERSON

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• RESPOND SAFELY, CONFIDENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY IN AN

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

Amputation Avulsion Crush Injury

Puncture Abrasion Laceration

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• MINOR WOUNDS OFTEN STOP

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• E.G. MACHINERY ACCIDENT

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• TORN SKIN/TISSUE MAY BE LOST

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• E.G. NAIL, ANIMAL BITE

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• REMOVAL OF A BODY PART.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• RINSE THOROUGHLY WITH CLEAN WATER.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• REMOVE ANY CLOTHING OVER THE WOUND SO YOU CAN SEE

• APPLY CONTINUOUS, FIRM DIRECT PRESSURE. ADD DRESSINGS

• APPLY A PRESSURE BANDAGE TO SECURE DRESSINGS IN PLACE

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• APPLY A TOURNIQUET TO THE LIMB AT LEAST 2” ABOVE THE INJURY

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• IT VERY COMMON IN CHILDREN AND

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• RELEASE NOSTRILS SLOWLY, REPEAT

• DO NOT TOUCH OR BLOW THE NOSE FOR

• BRING PATIENT TO HOSPITAL IF NECESSARY.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

Simple Compound Greenstick Cominuted Impacted

• AN OPEN FRACTURE HAS BLEEDING AND

• A CLOSED FRACTURE LEAVES THE SKIN

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• USUALLY CAUSED BY A HARD BLOW.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• NUMB, COLD TO TOUCH

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• APPLY AN ICE PACK WRAPPED IN A MOIST CLOTH

• DO NOT TRY TO REALIGN A BROKEN BONE.

• SPLINT IN THE POSITION FOUND.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• MADE FROM RIGID MATERIALS OR “BUDDY TAPED” TO ANOTHER

• SELECT A SPLINT THAT IS LONGER THAN THE BONE IT WILL

• MEASURE IT AGAINST THE UNINJURED SIDE.

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• CAUSED BY A SUDDEN TWIST

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• IN SEVERE CASES MUSCLES OR TENDONS ARE TORN

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111

• BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FIRST, SECOND

STAMFORD MEDICAL 24/7 MEDICAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 7772-1111