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MATRICES, ITS

TYPES AND
OPERATIONS
MODULE 1
BBA-LLB/BCOM-LLB (I SEM)
SESSION 9
DATE: 29TH AUGUST, 2019
Definition

 A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or


functions. The numbers or functions are called the
elements or the entries of the matrix.

 The concept of matrices is one of the most used


compact and simple method of solving system of linear
equations.

 Matrix notation and operations are used in electronic


spreadsheets, which in turn is used in different areas of
business like budgeting, sales projection, cost
estimation etc.
Representation of a matrix

 Suppose we have to compile the information regarding the


number of boys and girls in the first year undergraduate
course in School of Law of PU.
Boys Girls
BALLB 43 32
BBALLB 57 39
BComLLB 14 8

 Now this information can be expressed in the form of matrix


as:
43 32 ← 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑜𝑤
57 39 ← 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑤
14 8 ← 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑤
First Second
Column Column
Order of a matrix

 A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a


matrix of order m x n (read it as an m by n matrix).

 In the discussed case, the resultant matrix is of order 3


X 2.

 In general, an m x n matrix has the following


rectangular array:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛


⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Example

 If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible


orders it can have?
Solution
We know that if a matrix is of order m × n, it has mn
elements. Thus, to find all possible orders of a matrix with
8 elements, we will find all ordered pairs of natural
numbers, whose product is 8.
Thus, all possible ordered pairs are (1, 8), (8, 1), (4, 2), (2,
4)
Hence, possible orders are 1 × 8, 8 ×1, 4 × 2, 2 × 4
Types of Matrices
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Rectangular No. of rows is not equal to  6 2  1
matrix no. of columns  2 5 
 0

Square matrix No. of rows is equal to no. of 2 1 3


 
columns 2
 0 1

1 2 4


Diagonal Non-zero element in principal 2 0 0


matrix diagonal and zero in
all other 0 4 0
 
positions 
0 0 7

Scalar matrix Diagonal matrix in which all 4 0 0
the elements on principal 0 4 0
 
diagonal and same 
0 0 4

NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Row matrix A matrix with only 1
row 3 2 1 4

Column matrix A matrix with only 1 2


column  
 3
Identity matrix Diagonal matrix
having each 1 0
diagonal element 0 1 
equal to one (1)   
Zero matrix A matrix with all zero
entries
0 0
 
0 0
Equality of two matrix

 Two matrices A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are said to be equal if

(i) they are of the same order

(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that


is 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for all i and j.

2 3 2 3
 For example, and are equal matrices but
0 1 0 1
2 3 3 2
and are not equal matrices.
0 1 0 1

Symbolically, if two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.


Exercise

 Find the value of a, b, c and d from the equation:

 a  b 2a  c    1 5 
2a  b 3c  d    0 13
   
Operations on Matrices

Addition and Subtraction of matrices


 To add or subtract matrices, they must be of the same
order, m x n. To add matrices of the same order, add their
corresponding entries. To subtract matrices of the same
order, subtract their corresponding entries. The general
rule is as follows using mathematical notation:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Thus if 𝐴 = 𝑎 is a 2 X 3 matrix and B =
21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13
is another 2 X 3 matrix. Then, we define
𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23
𝑎 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 𝑎13 + 𝑏13
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 11
𝑎21 + 𝑏21 𝑎22 + 𝑏22 𝑎23 + 𝑏23

𝑎11 − 𝑏11 𝑎12 − 𝑏12 𝑎13 − 𝑏13


𝐴−𝐵 =
𝑎21 − 𝑏21 𝑎22 − 𝑏22 𝑎23 − 𝑏23
Scalar Multiplication

 The scalar product of a number k and a matrix A is the matrix


denoted by kA, obtained by multiplying each entry of A by the
number k . The number k is called a scalar. In mathematical
notation, If k is any scalar and A is a m X n matrix;
 a11 a12  a1n 
a a22  a2 n 
A 21  , and, then
     
 
 m1 m 2
a a  amn 

 k * a11 k * a12  k * a1n 


k * a k * a22  k * a2 n 
k*A 21 
     
 
k * am1 k * am 2  k * amn 
Exercise

 Two farmers Ramkishan and Gurcharan Singh cultivates only three


varieties of rice namely Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sale (in
Rupees) of these varieties of rice by both the farmers in the month of
June and July are given by the following matrices A and B.
June Sales (in rupees)
10,000 20,000 30,000 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑘𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛
𝐴=
50,000 30,000 10,000 𝐺𝑢𝑟𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛
July Sales (in rupees)
5,000 10,000 6,000 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑘𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛
𝐵=
20,000 10,000 10,000 𝐺𝑢𝑟𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛
i) Find the combined sales in June and July for each farmer in each
variety.
ii) Find the decrease in sales from June to July.
iii) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross sales, compute the profit
for each farmer and for each variety sold in July.

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