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Principles of Communication
Systems, Third Edition

Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling,

Goutam Saha

Chapter 6 : Part A
Digital Modulation and
Transmission
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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Sinusoidal carrier changes phase depending on binary

signal level of digital data.

If message signal b(t) is either +1 V or -1 V

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BPSK reception
Received signal has the form

Squaring,
BP Filtering above after frequency divider generates carrier.
Multiplying carrier with received signal

The integrator and dump (bit-synchronized) of above gives

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BPSK Block Diagram

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BPSK Spectrum

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BPSK : Geometric Representation

BPSK signal can be represented in terms of one

orthonormal signal

Distance between the signal,

d is inversely proportional to the probability of error

in presence of noise.

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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)-1

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QPSK-2

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QPSK-3

The QPSK system discussed is called offset or staggered QPSK

abbreviated OQPSK. Phase change only by 900. In non-offset
QPSK there is an additional D-FF in one line of Fig. 6.10, thus
even-odd could be same time, phase change could be 1800.
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Symbol vs. Bit Transmision

In BPSK, each bit of duration Tb is individually treated.

In QPSK, two bits are lumped together to form what is
termed a symbol. The symbol can have any of the four
possible values corresponding to the two-bit sequences
00, 01, 10 and 11.
At the receiver, each signal represents one symbol and
correspondingly, two bits.
When bits are transmitted, as in BPSK, the signal changes
occur at the bit rate. When symbols are transmitted, the
changes occur at the symbol rate which is one-half the bit
rate. Thus, symbol time is Ts =2Tb

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QPSK Receiver

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QPSK : Geometric Representation

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M-ary Phase Shift Keying-1

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M-ary Phase Shift Keying-2

Bandwidth,

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M-ary PSK Transmitter

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M-ary PSK Receiver

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Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

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 BFSK Spectrum
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BFSK Receiver

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BFSK : Geometric Representation

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Non-Orthogonal BFSK
When two FSK signals are not orthogonal Gram-Schmidt
procedure can be used for geometric representation

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M-ary FSK

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M-ary Communication System

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End of Part A
Chapter 6

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