21 ST

CENTURY LITERATURE
FROM THE PHILIPPINES
AND THE WORLD
 THE LANDSCAPE
OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
 PLOT STRUCTURE OF FICTION
• EXPOSITION
• Beginning of the story
• Sets the scene of the story
• Introduction of character
• Describes the setting
• Brief background of the story

Inciting incident – small events, signs that the conflict is about to

begin. (the complication)
 PLOT STRUCTURE OF FICTION
• RISING ACTION
• complication begins to show itself
• “excitement” starts.
• series of events leading/builds up to the CLIMAX.
• CLIMAX
• event with the greatest tension of the story.
• characters know the truth
• act on impulses
• make rash decisions
• decide to do something.
 PLOT STRUCTURE OF FICTION
• FALLING ACTION
• Result of the climax
• Things start falling into place
• Reaching the conclusion
• Premature resolution of conflicts, problems, issues.
• DENOUEMENT
• French term = “ending”
• Story reaches the final conclusion, tells the ending
• Explaining a finality, flashback, treaty, completion.
• Explanation of what happened (story / characters)
 PLOT STRUCTURE OF FICTION
ARISTOTLE
• FOR A STORY TO BE CONSIDERED A STORY, IT MUST HAVE:
-a beginning -a middle -an end
PLATO
• ADHERED TO THE IDEA OF AN ORGANIC UNITY IN FICTION.
INTERDEPENDENT PARTS OF A STORY ARE ALL NEEDED TO CREATE A WHOLE.
IF ONE PART IS LOST, THE STORY CANNOT STAND ON ITS OWN.
GUSTAV FREYTAG
• PLOTS OF STORIES/NOVELS HAVE COMMON PATTERNS.
• CAN BE SUMMARIZED IN A DIAGRAM. (FREYTAG PYAMID).
 TECHNIQUES OF FICTION
• CHARACTER
• You relate with, converse with, or listen to the thoughts,,,
• (change) = driving force
• (interested / disinterested)

• SYMBOLISM
• Character, object, event, etc., to SIGNIFY something else from the original
meaning.
• CHARACTER
• Intention – sets the plot of the story.
• Outcome (triumph / failure)

• IRONY
• Verbal irony – what is said is not meant
• Situational irony – actual outcome is different from the
expected outcome.
• Dramatic irony – readers know more than the
characters of the story.
• WORLD
• Setting (physical or not) / imaginary / flashback
 ARCHIPELAGIC NONFICTION
• ESSAY a.k.a. CREATIVE NONFICTION.
• SHORT PIECE OF WRITING ON A PARTICULAR SUBJECT
• AN ACCOUNT OF HISTORICAL, PERSONAL, & ACADEMIC EVENTS.
• **SOMETIMES SEEN AS LESSER THAN POETRY/FICTION.
• TAP ON READERS FOR INTERPRETATION.
• READERS’ BELIEFS, EXPERIENCES, FEELINGS, VALUES, MORALS

• IMMENSELY POPULAR
• (EDITIORIALS, COLUMNS, BYLINES IN NEWSPAPERS)

“WHAT NO OTHER FORMS OF WRITING SEEMS WILLING TO BE”

-carmen guerrero-nakpil
ARCHIPELAGIC NONFICTION
• WRITER’S VOICE
• DISTINCTIVE STYLE OF PERSONALITY OF A WRITTEN WORK
• WILL SEPARATE IT (ESSAY) FROM OTHER WRITTEN WORKS.

• IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF WRITING

• SHOWS THE ESSAY’S PERSONALITY
• (LIKE YOU WERE TELLING THE STORY TO SOMEBODY ELSE)
• ONE WAY TO MAKE THE STORY TRULY “YOUR OWN”.

• INFORMAL ESSAY
• AN ESSAY ON ANY TOPIC AVAILABLE
• WRITTEN IN THE AUTHOR’S OWN UNIQUE STYLE.
 FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
• SPECULATIVE FICTION
• UMBRELLA TERM FOR THE CURRENT PHILIPPINE LITERATURE.
• INCLUDES ALL GENRES OF HORROR, FANTASY, SCIENCE FICTION, MAGIC REALISM,
OTHER NONREALIST GENRES.

• AVANT-GARDE POETRY
• POEMS THAT PUSH THE BOUNDARIES OF THE EXPECTED NORM.
• EXPERIMENT WITH FORM, PHRASING, IDEAS, IMAGERY, ETC.

• CONTEMPORARY ESSAY
• UNRESTRICTED, EXPLORES DIVERSE TOPICS
• FAR CRY FROM COMMON TOPICS