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Content

 Mechanical Drive
 Types of Mechanical drive
 Guideline for selection Mechanical drive
 Advantage of gear drive
 Classification of gear drives
 Gear Terminology
 Gear Manufacturing Process

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 Mechanical Drive

 Mechanical drive is required between the prime mover, such

as electric motor and the part of the operating machine.

 A mechanical Drive is a mechanism Which is intended to

transmit mechanical power over a certain distance, usually
involving a change in speed and torque

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 Types of Mechanical Drives

 Belt Drive

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 Chain drive

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Rope Drive

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Gear Drive

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 Classification of Mechanical Drive

According to the Principle of Operation

 Mechanical drives that transmit power by means of

Frication eg:- belt drive and rope Drive

 Mechanical drives that transmit power by means of

engagement eg:- chain drive and gear drive

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 Selection Of Mechanical drive
Depends upon following factors

 Centre Distance

 Velocity ratio

 Shifting Arrangement

 Maintenance Consideration

 Cost

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 The Guideline For Selection of Mechanical Drive
 Flat –belt and roller chain sutable for long centre distance
v-belts comparatively short centre distance
Gear Drive – smallest centre distance between two shaft

 In flat belt drives the belt slips over the pully not recommended
where constant speed is desirable
in case of chain drives the velocity ratio is not constant during
one revolution of sprocket wheel due to polygonal effect
gear drives are preferred in application that requrie constant
speed
 Flat belts with relatively long centre distance can be shifted
from tight to loose pully
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 Spur gear can be shifted on splined shaft in case of v-belt or
chain drive ,not possible to use shifting mechanism
 Maintenance of belt drive is relatively simple lubrication is an
important consideration in chain drive and gears
 Flat belt drive is the chepest v belt and chain drive or
comparatively costly and gear drives or costliest

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 Gear Definition
 A toothed machine part , such as a wheel or cylinder ,that
meshes with another toothed part to transmit or to change
speed or direction.
 Gears are a means of changing the rate of rotation of a
machinery shaft. They can also change the direction of the axis
of rotation and can change rotary motion to linear motion.
 Unfortunately, mechanical engineers sometimes shy away from
the use of gears and rely on the advent of electronic controls
and the availability of toothed belts, since robust gears for
high-speed and/or high-power machinery are often very
complex to design. However, for dedicated, high-speed
machinery such as an automobile transmission, gears are the
optimal medium for low energy loss, high accuracy and low
play.
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 Spur Gear: generally used to transmit
power between two parallel shafts to
which they are attached.
.

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 Helical gears : may be used to
connect parallel shafts or shafts
which are at an angle.

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 Bevel Gears: When two shafts are
located at an angle with their axial
lines intersecting at 90O, power is
generally transmitted by means of
bevel gears.

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Worm and Worm Gear: When shafts
are at right angles and considerable
reduction in speed is required, worm
and worm gear are used.

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 Rack and Pinion: When it is
necessary to convert rotary motion
into linear motion, this may be used

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Following are the gear terminology or gear
terms used to about gears:

 Pitch circle
 Pitch circle diameter
 Pitch point
 Pitch surface
 Pressure angle
 Addendum
 Dedendum
 Addendum circle
 Dedendum angle
 Circular pitch
 Diameter pitch
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 Module
 Clearance
 Total Depth
 Working Depth
 Tooth thickness
 Tooth space
 The face of the tooth
 The flank of the tooth
 Top land
 Face width
 Profile
 Backlash

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1. Pitch circle
 Pich circle is the imaginary circle that
rolls without slipping with a pitch circle
of a mating gear.

2. Pitch Circle Diameter

 Pitch circle diameter is the diameter of
the pitch circle. It is also known as pitch
diameter.

3. Pitch point
 It is a common point of contact between
two pitch circles.

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4. Pressure angle
 Pressure angle is the angle between the
common normal at the point of tooth
contact and the common tangent to the pitch
circle. The usual pressure angles are 14½° and
20°.

5. Pitch surface
 It is the surface of the imaginary rolling
cylinder that the toothed gear may be
considered to replace.

6. Addendum
 The addendum is the radial distance of a
tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth

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7. Dedendum
 Dedendum is the circle drawn through
the bottom of the teeth. It is also called
“root circle”.

8. Addendum circle
 It is the circle drawn through the top of
the teeth and it is concentric with the
pitch circle.

9. Dedendum circle
 It is the circle drawn through the bottom
of the tooth. It is also called “root circle

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10. Circular pitch
The circular pitch is the distance measured on the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point of one tooth to
the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is denoted by Pc.

Pc = πd/T

D = diameter of the circle

T = No. of teeth on the wheel

11. Diametral Pitch

It is the ratio of a number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
It is indicated by Pd.

Pd = T/d = π/Pc

Pc = πd/T

Where, T= No. of teeth, d= Pitch circle diameter.

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12. Module
 A module is the ratio of pitch circle
diameter by m. m= d/T

13. Clearance
 Clearance is the difference between the
dedendum of one gear and the addendum
of the mating gear.

14. Total Depth

 Total depth is the radial distance between
the addendum and the dedendum of a
gear. It is equal to the sum of addendum
and dedendum
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15. Working Depth
 It is the radial distance from the addendum
circle to the clearance circle. It is equal to the
sum of the addendum of the two meshing
gears.

16. Tooth thickness

 Tooth thickness is the width of the tooth
measured along the pitch circle.

17. Tooth space

 Tooth space is the width of space between
the two adjacent teeth measured along the
pitch circle

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18. Face of the tooth
 It is the surface of the tooth above the
pitch surface.

19. Flank of the tooth

 The flank of the tooth is the surface of the
tooth below the pitch surface.

20. Top land

 The top land is the surface of the top of
the tooth.

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21. Face width
 Face width is the width of the gear tooth
measured parallel to its axis.

22. Profile
 It is the curve formed by the face and
flank of the tooth.

23. Backlash
 Backlash is the difference between the
thickness of a tooth and the width of a
tooth space on which it meshes

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 Law of Gear-Tooth Action
 Figure shows two mating gear teeth, in which
 Tooth profile 1 drives tooth profile 2 by acting at the instantaneous
contact point K.
 N1N2 is the common normal of the two profiles.
 N1 is the foot of the perpendicular from O1 to N1N2
 N2 is the foot of the perpendicular from O2 to N1N2.

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Although the two profiles have different velocities
V1 and V2 at point K, their velocities along N1N2 are
equal in both magnitude

and direction. Otherwise the two tooth profiles

would separate from each other. Therefore, we have
Or

We notice that the intersection of the tangency

N1N2 and the line of center O1O2 is point P, and

Thus, the relationship between the angular

velocities of the driving gear to the driven gear, or
velocity ratio, of a pair of mating teeth is
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Point P is very important to the velocity
ratio, and it is called the pitch point. Pitch
point divides the line between the line of
centers and its position decides the velocity
ratio of the two teeth. The above expression
is the fundamental law of gear-tooth action.

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Two meshing gears contacting at point K1 and K2

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Velocity Ratio
We know that the velocity ratio of a pair of
gears is the inverse proportion of the diameters
of their pitch circle, and the diameter of the
pitch circle equals to the number of teeth
divided by the diametral pitch. Also, we know
that it is necessary for the to mating gears to
have the same diametral pitch so that to satisfy
the condition of correct meshing. Thus, we
infer that the velocity ratio of a pair of gears is
the inverse ratio of their number of teeth.

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 Standard dimensions of gears
 A standardization of the gears (module,
pressure angle and profile) is required to
guarantee the gears when replacing, which
are made by different manufacturers, and to
limit the number of different tools. Through
this the attention of the designers is also
drawn to use a certain standardization in the
choice of the form and the ratio of the gears.

 The first requirement for a good gear is that

this must have been manufactured
economically. A gear with wrong ratio’s or of
a complicated design is always more
expensive than a gear that corresponds to the
classic design.
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 When gear dimensions are in the metric system
the pitch specification is generally in terms of
module or modulus, which is effectively a length
measurement across the pitch diameter. The term
module is understood to mean the pitch diameter
in millimeters divided by the number of teeth.
When the module is based upon inch
measurements, it is known as the English module
to avoid confusion with the metric module.
Module is a direct dimension, unlike diametral
pitch, which is an inverse dimension ("threads
per inch"). Thus, if the pitch diameter of a gear is
40 mm and the number of teeth 20, the module
is 2, which means that there are 2 mm of pitch
diameter for each toothThe preferred standard
module values are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8,
1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25,
32, 40 and 50

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Gear manufacturing
 Gear manufacturing refers to the making
of gears. Gears can be manufactured by a
variety of processes, including casting,
forging, extrusion, powder metallurgy,
and blanking.

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 Gear manufacturing processesGear forming
In gear form cutting, the cutting edge of the cutting tool has
a shape identical with the shape of the space between the
gear teeth. Two machining operations, milling and broaching
can be employed to form cut gear teeth.

Form milling
In form milling, the cutter called a form cutter travels axially
along the length of the gear tooth at the appropriate depth to
produce the gear tooth. After each tooth is cut, the cutter is
withdrawn, the gear blank is rotated, and the cutter proceeds
to cut another tooth. The process continues until all teeth are
cut

Broaching
Broaching can also be used to produce gear teeth and is
particularly applicable to internal teeth. The process is rapid
and produces fine surface finish with high dimensional
accuracy. However, because broaches are expensive and a
separate broach is required for each size of gear,this method
is suitable mainly for high-quality production
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 Broachi
ng

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Gear hobbing
 Gear hobbing is a machining process in
which gear teeth are progressively generated
by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool.
All motions in hobbing are rotary, and the
hob and gear blank rotate continuously as in
two gears meshing until all teeth are cut.

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 Selection of materials
The gear material should have the following
properties
 High tensile strength to prevent failure
against static loads
 High endurance strength to withstand
dynamic loads
 Low coefficient of friction
 Good manufacturability

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Some Gear Manufacturing Company's

Gajra Gears Ltd

S&H Gears Pvt. Ltd
Bharat Gears Ltd
NPEC India Ltd.
Larsen & Toubro
Bajaj Group.
Premier Automobiles Ltd
Om Metals Infraprojects Ltd
Coromandel Engineering.
Ion Exchange India
McNally Bharat Engineering
NALCORead more on Brainly.

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