The Global Internet

and
The Wireless Revolution
The Global Internet
The Global Internet

The Internet is the largest implementation of client/server computing

and internetworking, linking hundreds of thousands of individual
networks and 1 billion people worldwide.

Individuals connect to the Internet in two ways: through local Internet

service providers (ISPs) and through their business firms.

Everyone who uses the Internet pays some fee—hidden or otherwise—

to maintain the network. For example, each organization and business
firm pays for its own networks and its own local Internet connection
services, a part of which is paid to the long-distance trunk line owners.
The Global Internet

The Internet is based on client/server technology.

Client platforms include PCs, cell phones, PDAs, handheld devices,

and information appliances.

Users of the Internet control what services they access through client
applications on their computers such as Web browsers. Internet services
include e-mail, electronic discussion groups (Usenet groups and LISTSERV),
chatting, and instant messaging, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
and the World Wide Web.

Each Internet service is implemented by one or more software programs.

The Global Internet

CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING ON THE INTERNET

Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on
servers over the Internet.

These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers.
The Global Internet

Web pages are formatted with graphics, text, and dynamic links using
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Web pages are requested by clients and delivered
by Web servers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

HTTP is the first set of letters at the start of every Web address, followed by the domain name,
the directory path to the requested document, and the document name. The address typed in
to a browser to locate a file, including the directory path and the document name together,
is called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

A Web server is software for locating and managing stored Web pages. The most common
Web server today is Apache HTTP Server.
The Global Internet

Users can find information on the Internet using search engines. The first search engines
were simple keyword indexes of all the pages they visited. Contemporary search engines
use more complex models for finding relevant information. Google ranks search results
based on the relevance, or popularity, of each page. Web sites for locating information
such as Yahoo!, Google, and MSN have become so popular and easy to use that they also
serve as major portals for the Internet, as well as major shopping tools.

In search engine marketing, search results display both listings to a query as well as
advertisements related to the search query. The paid, sponsored advertisements are the
fastest-growing form of Internet advertising.
The Global Internet
Google is the most
popular search engine
on the Web, handling
nearly 50 percent of all
Web searches.
The Google search
engine is continuously
crawling the Web,
indexing the content of
each page, calculating
its popularity, and
storing the pages so
that it can respond
quickly to user
requests to see a page.
The entire process
takes about one-half
second.
The Global Internet

Intelligent agent shopping bots search the Web for pricing and availability of products
specified by the user and return a list of sites that sell the item, along with pricing information
and purchase links.

Web 2.0 refers to second-generation, interactive Internet-based services, such as:

Mashups: Software services that enable users and system developers to mix and match
content or software components to create something entirely new

Blogs: Informal yet structured Web site where subscribing individuals can publish stories,
opinions, and links to other Web sites of interest
The Global Internet

RSS: RSS (Rich Site Summary, or Really Simple Syndication) technology pulls specified content
from Web sites and feeds it automatically to users' computers, where it can be stored for
later viewing

Wikis: Collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site,
including the work of previous authors

Internet networking technology is used by organizations to create private networks called

intranets and extranets, intranets extended to authorized vendors and customers to
facilitate communication and business transactions. Intranets and extranets are protected
from unauthorized visits by firewalls—security systems with specialized software
to prevent outsiders from entering private networks.
The Global Internet

In addition to e-mail, Internet-based tools that today's businesses use for communication
and coordination include:

Chat: Chatting enables two or more people on the Internet to hold live, interactive
conversations.

Instant messaging: A type of chat service that enables participants to create their own
private chat channels.

Usenet newsgroups: Worldwide discussion groups posted on Internet electronic

bulletin boards
The Global Internet

Groupware: Software products used by individuals and teams working at different locations
for writing and commenting on group projects, sharing ideas and documents,
conducting electronic meetings, tracking the status of tasks and projects, scheduling,
and sending e-mail.

Electronic conferencing: Web conferencing and collaboration software allow participants

to view and modify documents and slides, write or drawn on an electronic whiteboard, or
share their thoughts and comments using chat or voice conferencing.

Internet telephony: Voice over IP (VoIP) technology uses the IP to deliver voice information
in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance
telephone networks
The Wireless Revolution
The Wireless Revolution
The Wireless Revolution
The Wireless Revolution
The Wireless Revolution

Devices that support wireless or mobile communication and computing include:

Cell phones

Personal digital assistants (PDAs): Small, handheld computers featuring applications

such as electronic schedulers and address books

E-mail handhelds: A special type of handheld that is optimized for wireless text messaging

Smart phones: Hybrid devices combining the functionality of a PDA with that of a
digital cell phone
The Wireless Revolution

Digital cellular service uses several competing standards that are incompatible.

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the standard used in Europe and
much of the rest of the world outside the United States. GSM's strength is in international
roaming capabilities.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the most widely used standard in the United States.
CDMA is less expensive and supports higher quality transmissions. Most digital cellular systems
today can transmit data at rates ranging from 9.6 to 2 Mbs. 384 Kbps is acceptable for email
but not for downloading large files or Web pages.
The Wireless Revolution

Short message service (SMS) is a text message service used by a number of digital cell
phone systems to send and receive short alphanumeric messages.

2.5G networks use upgrades to the existing cellular infrastructure and feature data
transmission rates ranging from 30 to 144 Kbps.

More powerful cellular networks called third-generation (3G) networks have

transmission speeds ranging from 384 Kbps for mobile users in, say, a car, to more than
2 Mbps for stationary users, sufficient for rich media downloads.
The Wireless Revolution

There are also multiple standards and technologies governing how cellular phones
access the Internet and the World Wide Web.

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a system of protocols and technologies that

enables cell phones and other wireless devices with tiny display screens, low-bandwidth
connections, and minimal memory to access Web services.

A microbrowser is an Internet browser that works with the low-memory constraints

and low bandwidth requirements of handheld wireless devices and uses WML
(Wireless Markup Language). Requests are made to a WAP gateway which translates
HTML content into WML for the WAP client to receive it.
The Wireless Revolution

There is a hierarchy of complementary standards for wireless computer networks designed

for connecting to personal area networks (PANs), LANs, MANs, and WANs.

Bluetooth, or IEEE 802.15, uses the 2.4-GHz band for creating small PANs, linking up to
eight devices within a 10 meter area. devices can communicate to each other without
direct user intervention. Its low power requirements make Bluetooth appropriate for
battery-powered handhelds, cell phones, or PDAs.
The Wireless Revolution

Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity), or IEEE 802.11 includes three standards:

802.11a: This standard can transmit up to 54 Mbps in the 5-GHz band, in ranges of
10-30 meters.

802.11b: This standard, currently the most popular, transmits up to 11 Mbps using the
2.4 GHz band with a range of 30-50 meters.

802.11g: This standard also uses the 2.4 GHz band and can transmit up to 54 Mbps.
The Wireless Revolution

Mobile wireless stations often need a wireless network interface card (NIC) that has a built-in
radio antenna.

The 802.11 standard can be used to provide wireless Internet access, in which an access
point plugs into a wired Internet connection. Businesses are using Wi-Fi to create low costs
WLANs and provide
Internet access.

Hotspots are one or more access points positioned strategically in public spaces and provide
wireless coverage for a specific area. Many free public hotspots are available in the US and
other countries. However, users cannot roam from hotspot to hotspot if these use different
Wi-Fi network services. Wi-Fi also has weak security features, and is susceptible to interference
from nearby systems operating in the same spectrum, such as microwave ovens or wireless
phones.
The Wireless Revolution

WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), or IEEE 802.16, is a new set of
standards that has an access range of up to 31 miles and data transfer rates up to 75 Mbps,
using WiMax antennas to beam high-speed Internet connections to rooftop antennas of
homes and businesses.

Broadband Internet access can also be configured through cellular telephon e networks.
Major cellular telephone carriers have configured their 3G networks to provide broadband
access for PCs and other handheld devices. EV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized), used by
Verizon, provides wireless Internet access over a cellular network at speeds form 300 to
500 Kbps.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems provide a powerful technology for tracking
the movement of goods throughout the supply chain. RFID systems use tiny tags with
embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit radio signals
over a short distance to special RFID readers. The RFID readers then pass the data over a
network to a computer for processing. Unlike bar codes, RFID tags do not need line-of-sight conta
The Wireless Revolution

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems provide a powerful technology for tracking
the movement of goods throughout the supply chain. RFID systems use tiny tags with
embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit radio signals
over a short distance to special RFID readers. The RFID readers then pass the data over a
network to a computer for processing. Unlike bar codes, RFID tags do not need line-of-sight
contact to be read.
 The Internet and wireless technologies play significant roles in our environment.

Wireless is virtually indispensable to all aspects of our communities, instrumental to

solving our toughest problems and an invaluable tool to help spur our economic growth.

The Internet and globalization have radically changed the business world. It has enabled
companies to improve their competitive edge and increased productivity, simply because
of the speed of access to information, and of electronic transactions.
Assignment: (1 whole sheet of paper)

Essay:

Topic: “THE WIRELESS REVOLUTION - A BETTER WORLD”