ABINASH PANDA

7TH SEM,CIVIL ENGINEERING

 Content

1. Introduction
2. Requirement of good pavement
3. Variable considered in pavement design
4. Selection factor of pavement
5. Type of pavement
6. California bearing ratio(CBR)
7. Equivalent single wheel load factor(ESWL)
8. conclusion
 Introduction

A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed

materials above the natural soil sub grade .
 The primary function is to distribute the vehicle loads to the sub-grade.
The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding
quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristic and low
noise pollution.
Pavement design is the major component in the road construction.
Nearly one-third or one-half of the total cost of construction , so careful
consideration should be taken in design of pavement.
 Requirement of good pavement:
An ideal pavement should meet the following requirement:
Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to the safe value on sub-
grade soil.
Structurally strong to withstand all type of stresses imposed on it.
Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles.
Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed.
Provide least noise from moving vehicles.
Dust proof surface, so that traffic safety is not impaired by reducing visibility.
Long design life with low maintenance cost.
Variable considered in flexible design

Material characteristic
Traffic volume
Factor related to axle and wheel load
Concept of equivalent single wheel load
Effect of moving transistent loads
Factor related to surrounding environment
 Selection factor of pavement:

 Initial cost
 Availability of good materials
 Cost of maintenance
 Environmental conditions
 Traffic intensity
 Ease of labour
 Favorable working conditions
 Type of good pavement

1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
2. RIGID PAVEMENT
3. SEMI RIGID AND COMPOSITE PAVEMNT
4. INTERLOCKING CEMRNT CONCRETE BLOCK PAVEMENT(ICBP)
 Flexible pavement:

 Flexible pavements are those pavements which are flexible under the action of load and have
low or negligible flexural strength.
Bituminous is one of the best flexible material .It distribute the compressive vertical load to a
larger area in the shape of truncated cone.
The compressive stresses get decreased at lower layers.
According to “pavement layer system concept” flexible pavement may be constructed consisting
of a number of layers.
Flexible pavement is form in layers ,so first layer is form strong as compared to other.
It consist of 4 parts soil sub grade , sub base, base course , surface course.
The flexible pavement structure is designed for a life of 15 years or more.
• The magnitude of wheel load (p) and the loaded area (A) taken into account for analysis of
stresses and stress distribution in pavement.

contact pressure(p)=

 The equation of vertical stress computations under a uniformly distributed circular load as per
boussineq’s theory.

 Assuming that the Poisson's ratio , µ of the homogeneous soil mass is =0.5 ,the simplified
value of deflection , Δ under a flexible plate with uniform pressure is given by the relation.
where , z-depth at which vertical stresses computed
a-radius of loaded area
 Rigid pavement
• Rigid pavement are those which posses noteworthy flexural strength or
flexural rigidity.
• It is also called as “cc pavement” as it made of Portland cement concrete.
• It made with or without steel reinforcement at joints.
• The cc pavement slab made generally expected to sustain up to45 kg/cm^2
of flexural stresses.
• This pavement is not transferred the load from ground surface to lower
surface.
• It has the capacity to transfer the wheel load from wider area of roads.
• The rigid pavement usually designed and constructed for a design life of 30
years or even higher period.
• Different type of stresses are developed in rigid
pavements. the major type of stresses in rigid pavement
consist of
• 1. Wheel load stress caused by the heavy vehicle loads of vehicle.
• 2. Wrapping stress caused by temperature.
• In rigid pavement there are three type of critical stress
are introduced at interior , edge , and corner.
 Semi-rigid and composite pavement:
• Bonded materials like the “ pozzlanic concrete”(lime-fly ash-aggregate
mix),lean cement concrete used in the sub-base course of the pavement
layer.
• This bonded materials have significantly flexural strength.
• When this intermediate class of semi-rigid materials are used in the sub-
base and they are called rigid pavement.
• The composite pavements are generally designed as flexible pavements
with some empirical modification to find required thickness
 Interlocking cement concrete block
pavement(ICBP):
• It consist of a layer of cement concrete paver blocks(CPB) of specified
strength, size and shape properly laid over well compacted soil sub grade.
• The gap between the paver blocks are filled with joints filling sand and
vibrated to provide adequate interlocking.
• Adequate lateral confinement or support ha to be ensured by providing
suitable edge strip or beam or kerb at the end of paved area.
• It is prefer when the pavement is to be constructed in water-logged area.
 California bearing ratio:

• In 1982 California division of highways in the U.S.A developed California bearing ratio (CBR)
method of pavement design.
• CBR method of flexible pavement design is based upon the concept of thickness of pavement.
• Thickness of pavement depend upon two factor
 CBR value of soil sub grade over which the pavement is to be laid
 The magnitude of wheel load or intensity of traffic load expected.
• A weaker soil sub grade with lower CBR value will need a flexible pavement of higher
thickness.

• If CBR less than 2% for 100 mm thickness then minimum of CBR 10% is to provided to the
sub-base for CBR 2%.
• If CBR more than 15% ,no need to provide sub-base.
• It is important because total thickness of flexible pavement is influenced by
the effective magnitude of load due to wheel load assembly.
• Typical wheel load configuration of dual wheel load assembly of heavy
vehicle with single rear axle and that of dual-tandem wheel load assembly
of vehicle with tandem.
• The load equivalency factors and damaging power of different axle load
considered as per IRC:37-2001.
• The total maximum total legal load on the tandem axles of HCV at present
is 19t.
Equivalent single wheel loads(ESWL):

• ESWL of dual wheel load assembly at a depth “z” may be defined as the wheel load
replacement of the dual wheel load assembly which will cause same magnitude of vertical
deflection at same value of compressive stress at depth “z”.
 conclusion

The ministry of road transport and highways has taken a number of steps to
prevent road accident and assured convenient riding quality.
 Approval of road safety policy which is promoting awareness ,enforcement of safety laws,
establishing of safety information data base etc.
 To construct the many rigid pavement structures in order to reduce accident and road
visibility.
 Now a days, punish the road users in terms of fine, raise penalties for traffic rule
violation etc.
 The road should be designed in such a way that it meet all engineering design or
geometric design of highways.