Chapter 2

Related Literature
 Aim of Research
• This chapter presents the related literature
and studies both from local and foreign
sources. This includes the various effects of
flooding on people which will be used to
further understand and comprehend the
effect it will have to students studying in the
premise of Intramuros Manila.
• Philippines, a middle-income country in
Southeast Asia consisting of exactly 7,107
islands, Is the number 1 country in the list of
nations most in danger of facing normal and
to more intense storms. In 2008 it was one of
three countries hit by the most disasters,
according to the Brussels-based Centre for
Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
 Summary
• Causes of floods illegal settlers, people
throwing waste everywhere, Urbanization,
poor drainage systems, unsupervised
hydrological infrastructures
• It shows the direct and indirect effects of
floods cause by harsh weathers on
transportation.
• shows a variety of health issues
 Different methods used in the
research
• Structural storm water management - focuses on the
physical interventions and invest in engineered
infrastructure for improving the drainage systems
• Non-structural storm water management - focuses upon
preventative action and rely predominantly on behavioral
changes in order to be effective
• Topography - a detailed description or representation on a
map of the natural and artificial features of an area.
• Management strategies for low-income urban communities
• FRA flood risk assessment - assessment of how big the risk
in your area to floods or simply identifies the level of flood
risk in your area
Project NOAH Hazaard Maps

5 Year Flood Hazards 25 Year Flood Hazards

 Discussions
• Problems seen in Intramuros Manila drainage
systems especially on some historical sites which
becomes a catch basin when the roads are
getting flooded people especially students have a
hard time commuting or going to their schools
due to the drainage systems that causes floods.
Also like in our rrl we can see that there are many
similarities in problems that causes flood like how
informal settlers throwing waste on street which
clogs the drainages systems causing floods.
• The Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) has completed the P203.4 million flood
control project that is seen to alleviate flooding around
the vicinity of Manila City Hall and Intramuros during
rainy season.
• DPWH National Capital Region Director Melvin B.
Navarro said the project which involves the
construction of bigger reinforced concrete box culvert
(RCBC) as drainage measuring 60 inches in diameter
along the 2.27-kilometer Padre Burgos Avenue is now
serviceable and linked with the newluy improved
Luneta Pumping Station.
• “Floodwaters can now be easily discharged to Manila
Bay with the bigger draining capacity of our pipes, plus
the two (2) submersible pumps with a capacity of 0.75
cubic meter per second,” said Director Navarro.