Skeletal System

What are the

Functions of the 1. Support. The skeleton
serves as the
Skeletal System? structural framework
Muscle attached to bones!! for the body by
supporting soft tissues
and providing
attachment
points for the tendons
of most skeletal
muscles.
2. Assistance in movement.
Most skeletal muscles
attach to bones; when
they contract, they pull on
bones to produce
movement.
 What are the
Functions of the 3. Protection. The skeleton
Skeletal System? protects the most
important internal
organs from injury.

4. Blood cell formation: a

connective tissue
called red bone
marrow produces red
blood cells,
white blood cells, and
platelets, a process
called
hematopoiesis.
 What are the 5. Storage: Bones store
Functions of the minerals, such as
Skeletal System? calcium and
phosphorus, for
use by the body
6. Triglyceride storage.
Yellow bone
marrow consists
mainly of adipose
cells, which store
triglycerides. The
stored triglycerides
are a potential
chemical energy
reserve.
 Bones of the Human Body

► Theadult skeleton has 206 bones

► Two basic types of bone (osseous) tissue
 Compact bone
►Denseand looks smooth
►Homogeneous

 Spongy bone
►Smallneedle-like (spiky) pieces of bone
►Many open spaces
Spongy
bone

Compact
bone
Figure 5.1
 Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
► Bones are classified as:
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Sesamoid
 Classification of Bones
► Long bones
 Typically longer than they
are wide
 Shaft with heads situated
at both ends
 Contain mostly compact
bone
 Long bones, especially
the femur and tibia, are
subjected to most of the
load during daily activities
and they are crucial for
skeletal mobility.
 Classification of Bones
► Short bones
 Generally cube-shaped or
they are as wide as they
are long
 Contain mostly spongy
bone
 Includes bones of the
wrist and ankle
 Sesamoid bones are a type
of short bone which form
within tendons (patella)
 Primary function is to
provide support and
stability with little to no
movement.
 Classification of Bones
► Flat bones
 Thin, flattened, and
usually curved or are
expanded into broad.
 Two thin layers of
compact bone surround a
layer of spongy bone
 principal function is either
extensive protection or the
provision of broad surfaces
for muscular attachment.
 Classification of Bones
► Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other
bone classification
categories
 Classification of Bones
► Sesamoid bones
 shaped like a sesame seed
 develop in certain tendons or a small nodular
bone most often present embedded in tendons
where there is considerable friction, tension,
and physical stress, such as the palms and
soles.
Classification of Bones
How Strong are  The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
 Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus
  As an infant, most of your
How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage.
Develop?  Cartilage is a strong
flexible tissue.

 Over time the cartilage is

replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.

 Not all cartilage is

replaced in adults. Many
joints contain cartilage,
protecting the ends of
bones (ears and the end
of the nose is also
cartilage).
 3 TYPES of CARTILAGE
 HYALINE – both springy and tough
► Articularcartilage – covers the ends of most bones
at movable joint
► Costal cartilage – connect the ribs to the sternum
► Respiratory cartilages – forms the skeleton of the
larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other
respiratory passageways
► Nasal cartilages – support the external nose

 ELASTIC – most springy and supple type

Ex: external ear and epiglottis

 FIBROCARTILAGE – toughest type, can

withstand a great deal of weight
Ex: menisci of the knee and disc between vertebra
 GROWTH of CARTILAGE
 APPOSITIONAL growth
► Growth from outside
► Cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding
perichondrium secrete new matrix against the
external face of the existing cartilage tissue

 INTERSTITIAL growth
► Growth from inside
► The lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and
secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from
within.
 What are the Two ► Axial Skeleton: The
Major Skeletal System axial skeleton includes
Parts? the skull, spine, ribs
and sternum.

► Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
 BONE MARKINGS

►2 categories
 Projections or processes
►Grow out from the bone surface
►projections or outgrowths that either help form joints
or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
(such as ligaments and tendons).
 Depressions or cavities
►Indentations in the bones
►which allow the passage of soft tissues (such as
blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, and tendons) or
form joints
 Anatomy of a Long Bone
► Periosteum
 Outside covering of the
diaphysis
 Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
► Perforating (Sharpey’s)
fibers
 Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
► Arteries
 Supply bone cells with
nutrients
 Anatomy of a Long Bone
► Epiphyses
 Ends of long
bone
 Consists of
thin layer of
compact
bone
enclosing an
area filled
with spongy
bone.
 Anatomy of a Long Bone

► Articular
cartilage
 Covers the
external surface
of the epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases
friction at joint
surfaces
 Anatomy of a Long Bone
► Epiphyseal plate
 Flat plate of
hyaline
cartilage seen
in young,
growing bone
► Epiphyseal line
 Remnant of the
epiphyseal plate
 Seen in adult
bones
 Anatomy of a Long Bone

► Marrow (medullary) cavity

 Cavity inside of the shaft
 Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
 Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in
infants
► Inadults, red marrow is situated in cavities
of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long
bones
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact
Bone ► Spongy Bone
 Trabeculae – small
need-like pieces of
bones
 Marrow
 Blood vessels
 Nerves
 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
► Lacunae
 Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
 Arranged in
concentric rings
called lamellae
► Lamellae
 Rings around the
central canal
 Sites of lacunae
 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact
Bone
► Osteon (Haversian
system)
 A unit of bone
containing central canal
and matrix rings
 The structural &
functional unit of
compact bone.

► Central (Haversian) canal

 Opening in the center of an osteon
 Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact
Bone
► Canaliculi
 Tiny canals
 Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
 Form a transport system connecting all bone
cells to a nutrient supply and waste removal
services through the hard bone matrix.
► Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
 Canal perpendicular to the central canal
 Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Chemical Composition of Bones

► Organic components include bone cells and

osteoid.
osteoid - the organic part of the matrix
- which makes up approximately one-third of
the matrix, includes ground substance
(composed of proteoglycans and
glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of
which are made and secreted by osteoblasts.
► Inorganic components are mineral salts
 Types of Bone Cells

► Osteogenic cell or osteoprogenitor cells, are mitotically active stem

cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum.
► Osteocytes—mature bone cells
► Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells
► Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in
response to parathyroid hormone
► Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Formation of the Human Skeleton
► Cartilage and bone
 2 of the strongest and most supportive tissues
in the body.
► In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
► During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
► Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
 Bone Growth (Ossification)

► Epiphysealplates allow for lengthwise

growth of long bones during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
►Cartilageis broken down
►Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a
medullary cavity
►Bone replaces cartilage through the action of
osteoblasts
 Bone Growth (Ossification)

► Bonesare remodeled and lengthened until

growth stops
 Bones are remodeled in response to two factors
►Blood calcium levels
►Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

 Bones grow in width (called appositional

growth)
 Articular
cartilage
Hyaline Spongy
cartilage bone
New center of
bone growth New bone
Epiphyseal forming
plate
cartilage Growth
Medullary in bone
cavity width
Bone starting Invading
to replace Growth blood
cartilage in bone vessels
length
Bone collar New bone
Osteoblasts forming
(bone building Epiphyseal
cells) plate cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
model
In an embryo In a fetus In a child

Figure 5.5
 Bone Fractures

► Fracture—break in a bone
► Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture—broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
 Bone Fractures

► Bone fractures are treated by reduction

(realignment of the broken bone ends)
 Closed Reduction – bone ends are coaxed back
into their normal position
 Open Reduction – surgery is performed, bone
ends are secured together with pins or wires
► Immobilization
 Cast or traction to allow healing
 Simple fracture heals 6 to 8 weeks but much
longer for large and older people bones
 Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma
External Bony
callus callus of
spongy
bone
New
Internal blood
callus vessels Healed
(fibrous fracture
tissue and Spongy
cartilage) bone
trabecula

1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling

forms. callus forms. forms. occurs.

Figure 5.7