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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to
our teacher Dr. Nikita Mahapatra who gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful assignment on the topic
photosynthesis which also helped us in doing a lot of research
and we came to know about so many new things.
What is PHOTOSYNTHESIS ?

It is the process by which green plants and some


other autotrophic organism ( algae and
cyanobacteria ) transform light energy to
chemical energy from carbon dioxide and water
to glucose and oxygen in the presence of
sunlight and pigments like primary pigment like
chlorophyll a and accessory pigments like
chlorophyll b and carotenoids
General reaction of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O


Carbon-di-oxide Water Glucose Oxygen Water
IMPORTANCE of Photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS is one of the most important biological


process on earth!
• Provides the oxygen we breathe
• Consumes much of the CO2
• Food
• Energy
• Fibers and materials
PIGMENTS in PHOTOSYNTHESIS ?
Chlorophyll a is the primary
Chlorophyll a
photosynthetic pigment that drives
photosynthesis.

Accessory pigments ( chlorophyll b ,


carotenoids ) absorb at different
wavelengths,
extending the range of light
Carotenoid
useful for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll b
Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs ?
Chloroplasts are organelles that
conduct photosynthesis, where
the photosynthetic pigment
chlorophyll captures the energy
from sunlight, converts it, and
stores it in the energy-storage
molecules ATP and NADPH while
freeing oxygen from water in plant
and algal cells
Chloroplast structure and function: Solar Chemical Factory

• Organelle responsible for photosynthesis


• Double membrane
• Stroma - Space between inner membrane
and thylakoid membrane
• Thylakoid - Flattened disc like structures
- Contains chlorophyll and
carotenoids
• Grana - Stacks
• Lumen
PHOTOSYSTEMS
• The process that converts light energy into chemical
energy through the absorption of light and the transfer of
energy and electrons takes place in a multi-protein
complex called a photosystem.

• Two types-photosystem II ( PSII) and photosystem I (PSI).

• Located in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the


cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
STAGES of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis takes place in two sequential stages:

• The light-dependent reactions - In light-dependent


reactions, the energy from sunlight is absorbed by
chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the
form of electron carrier molecules like ATP and NADPH.

• The light-independent reactions or Calvin Cycle - In light-


independent reactions (the Calvin cycle), carbohydrate
molecules are assembled from carbon dioxide using the
chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent
reactions.
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

• Light dependent

• Occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

• Water is split into oxygen gas (O2) and H+

• Use light energy (photons) to generate two chemical energy


compounds: ATP & NADPH
• CO2 and H2O enter the leaf
• Light hits the pigment in the membrane of a thylakoid, splitting the
H2O into O2
• The electrons move down to enzymes
• Sunlight hits the second pigment molecule allowing the enzymes to
convert ADP to ATP(photophosphorylation) and NADP+ gets converted
to NADPH
• Light independent

• Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts

• Use the chemical energy produced in Light Reactions (ATP;


NADPH) to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate (sugar).

• CO2 is converted to sugar by entering the Calvin Cycle


THE CALVIN CYCLE
• CO2 enters the Calvin Cycle

• First product is a 3-carbon molecule: 3-PGA (phosphoglyceric


acid). That’s why it’s also called C-3 cycle.

• Enzyme RUBISCO (ribulose bisphosphate


carboxylase/oxygenase) is the main enzyme that catalyzes the
first reactions of the Calvin Cycle.
6 CO2 + 18 ATP +
12NADPH + 12 H2O

C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi
+ 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O + 6O2
THANK YOU

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