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ADMINISTRATION
• A route of administration is the path by which
a drug, food, fluid, poison or other substance
is brought into contact with the body.
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
subcutaneous injection
in the mouse
This method is particularly useful when
continuous presence of the drug in the tissues
is needed over a long period.
b) Intramuscular:-
Injection is made deep into the muscle
tissue.
• In humans, the best site is deltoid muscle in
the shoulder or the gluteus muscle in the
buttocks.
• This method is suitable for the irritating
substances that cannot be given by
subcutaneous route.
• The speed of absorption from site of
injection is dependent on the vehicle used,
absorption is quick from aqueous solutions
and slow from oily preparations.
• Absorption is complete, predictable and
faster than subcutaneous route.
Intramuscular injection in deltoid and gluteal
muscles
Intravenous:-
• Drug solution in injected directly into the
lumen of a vein so that it is diluted in the
venous blood.
• The drug is carried to the Heart and
circulated to the tissues.
• Drugs in oily vehicle or those that cause
haemolysis should not be given by this
route.
• Since the drug is introduced directly into
blood, the desired concentration of the drug
is achieved immediately which is not
possible by any other procedure.
Intravenous Administration
This route is of prime importance in emergency. Also
certain irritant drugs could be given by this route.
Also this is the only route for giving large volume of
drugs e.g. blood transfusion.
However, there are certain disadvantages of this
procedure.
1. Once the drug is injected nothing can be done to
prevent its action.
2. I/v injection requires technical skill to minimize the
risk of leakage of irritant solution into the surrounding
tissues.
3. Air embolism may cause serious problems.
Intraperitoneal:-
The peritoneum offers a large absorbing
surface area from which drugs enter
circulation rapidly but primarily by way of
portal vein.
This is probably the most widely used route
of drug administration in laboratory animals.
In human, it is very rarely employed due to
the dangers of infection and injury to viscera
and blood vessels.
Inraperitoneal Injection
e) Intradermal:-
Drug are injected into papillary layer of skin.
For example tuberculin injection for
montoux test and BCG vaccination for active
immunization against tuberculosis.
BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guerin
Intradermal Injection
f) Intra Medullary:-
The needle is introduced into marrow cavity and
effects are similar to those following intravenous
injection. This route is used when veins are not
available specially in children. In adults the
injection is made into marrow cavity of sternum
and under 3 years of age into that of tibia or femur.
g) Intrathecal:-
Blood brain barrier often prevents the entry of
certain drugs into the central nervous system.
when local and rapid effects of drugs on meninges
are desired the drugs are injected into the
meninges by this route
e.g Local anesthesia
h) Intra articular:-
It is also known as intra synovial. Sometimes
drugs are injected into the joint cavity to
localize their action at the site of administration
e.g. Hydrocortisone acetate in the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis.
i) Intra Cardiac:-
In cardiac arrest intracardiac injection of
adrenaline is made for resuscitation.
j) Intra-arterial:-
Sometimes a drug is injected directly into an
artery to localize its effects in a particular
tissue or organ. However, the therapeutic
value of such practice is doubtful.
3- INHALATION