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Chapter 4: Wireless
Telecommunication Systems
GSM
Overview
Services
Sub-systems
Components
GSM: Overview
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than
130 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 100 million subscribers
4.2
Performance characteristics of GSM
Communication
mobile, wireless digital communication; support for voice and
data services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points
of different providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per
cell
High transmission quality
high audio quality
uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars,
trains) – better handoffs and
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services – interface to the physical medium (transparent for
example in the case of voice or non transparent for data services)
Telematic Services – services provided by the system to the end user
(e.g., voice, SMS, fax, etc.)
Supplementary Services – associated with the tele services: call
forwarding, redirection, etc.
bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)
tele services
BSC
BSC
RSS
radio cell
BSS
MS MS
Um radio cell
RSS BTS MS
BTS
Abis
BSC BSC
A
MSC MSC
NSS signaling
VLR VLR
ISDN, PSTN
HLR GMSC
PDN
IWF
O
OSS
EIR AUC OMC
MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC
BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7
HLR
BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC PSTN
A
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
MS MS
Components
MS (Mobile Station)
Um BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
Abis consisting of
BTS
BSC MSC BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
BTS sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
A
BTS Abis : standardized, open interface
BSC MSC with
BTS
16 kbit/s user channels
BSS
A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
HLR
Databases
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR VLR (Visitor Location Register)
ISDN EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
MSC
PSTN
IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
TE TA MT
Um
R S
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures
time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.615 ms
superframe
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50
6.12 s
0 1 ... 24 25
multiframe
0 1 ... 24 25 120 ms
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50 235.4 ms
frame
0 1 ... 6 7 4.615 ms
slot
burst 577 µs
Um Abis A
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
BSSAP
BSSAP
RR RR’
RR’ BTSM BTSM
SS7 SS7
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
1
2 3 4
MS MS MS MS
MSC MSC
HO_MARGIN
MS MS
BTSold BTSnew
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
A3 A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit SRES 32 bit
SRES
MSC SRES* =? SRES SRES
32 bit
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
AC 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit SIM
A8 A8
cipher Kc
key 64 bit Kc
64 bit
data encrypted SRES
data
BTS
data MS
A5 A5
SGSN
Gn
Um Gb Gn Gi
MSC HLR/
GR
VLR EIR
IP/X.25 IP/X.25
SNDCP GTP
SNDCP GTP
LLC LLC UDP/TCP UDP/TCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
RLC BSSGP
MAC MAC
FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2
radio radio