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Extracts and Fluid

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Extracts
Submitted to: Miss Nigarish
Submitted by: Roll no 41-46
 …Content… 3

• Introduction.
• Extracts.
• Fluid Extracts.
 …Introduction… 4

Extraction:
• Extraction involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or
animal tissues from inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in
standard extraction procedures.

• The products obtained from plants are liquids, semisolids, or powders intended
for oral or external use.

• These includes classes of preparations known as extracts, fluid extracts,

decoctions, infusions, tinctures, pilular (semi solid) extracts and powdered
extracts.
 …Methods of Extraction… 5

• There are usually five methods of extraction:

1. Maceration.
2. Percolation.
3. Infusion.
4. Digestion.
5. Decoction.

• In USP, maceration and percolation are of particular importance.

 …Purpose of Extraction… 6

• The process of extraction is of considerable interest to obtain

improved yields of drugs derived from plants and animal sources.
• It is concerned primarily with basic extraction procedures for
crude drugs to obtain the therpeutically desirable portion and
eliminate the inert material by treatment with the selective
solvent known as menstruum.
• For example: Extraction of Digitalis glycosides has been carried
out using super critical carbon dioxide.
 …Extracts… 7

Definition:
• Extracts are defined as; “ Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs
obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with
menstruum (suitable solvent), by evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent”.

Forms of Extracts:
• There are three forms of extracts:
1. Semi-liquids or liquids of syrupy consistency.
2. Plastic masses (known as pilular or solid extracts).
3. Dry powders (known as powdered extracts).
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• These forms of extracts are used in a variety of solid or semisolid dosage forms.

1- Semi-liquids extracts:
• Semi-liquids extracts or extracts of a syrupy consistency may be used in the manufacturing of some
liquid pharmaceutical preparations.

2- Pilular extracts:
• Pilular extracts have the consistency to be used in pill masses and made into pills. They are also
suited for use in ointments and suppositories.

3- Powdered extracts:
• Powdered extracts are better suited for incorporation into a dry formulation, as in capsules,
powders, or tablets.
 …Preparation of extracts… 9

• Most extracts are prepared by extracting the drug by percolation.

• The percolate is concentrated, generally by distillation under reduced pressure.

• The use of heat is avoided because of potential injurious effect on active

constituents.

• Powdered extracts that are made from oily or fatty drug may have to be defatted
(remove fat) or prepared from defatted drug.
 …Examples… 10

• Pure Glycyrrhiza Extract USP is an example of a pilular extract.

• Belladonna Extract USP is an example of powdered extract.

 …Fluid Extract… 11

• Definition:
• The USP defines fluid extracts as being liquid preparations of vegetable drugs,
containing alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative or both (as specified in
individual monograph).

• A fluid extract (sometimes called liquid extract) is a more concentrated form of

herbal medicine than a tincture.

• Each milliliter of it contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard

drug that it represents.
 …Preparation… 12

• Fluid Extract is an alcohol or glycerin preparation of herbal

extract containing the active constituents in a definite ratio of
plant material to solvent.
 …Examples… 13

• Fluid extract of Ipecac.

• Fluid extract of Cinchona.
• Fluid extract of Ergot.
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