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STRATEGIC MARKETING consists of selling your product in such
a way that you achieve a goal.
GOAL
*Increasing sales
*revenues
*creating a new brand etc.
TACTICAL MARKETING once you have goals ,including specific
strategies for achieving your goals, determine how you will
implement your strategies.
KNOW YOUR CUSTOMERS
learn the age, gender, educational level, as well as customers you
want to attract.
MARKETING CHANNELS
use a variety of marketing channels to implement tactics.
THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
A company's marketing environment consists of the actors and forces
outside marketing that affect marketing management's ability to build and
maintain successful relationships with target customers.Like Xerox,
companies constantly watch and adapt to the changing environment.
Marketers must be environmental trend trackers and opportunity
seekers.
Marketers have two special aptitudes.They have desciplined methods
marketing research and marketing intelligence.
The marketing environment consists of the three levels of the environment
they are:
1. MICRO (INTERNAL) ENVIRONMENT consists of the actors close to
the company that affect its ability to serve it's customers
the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets,
competitors, and publics.
2. MESO ENVIRONMENT the industry in which a company operates
and the industry's market(s)
3. MACRO (NATIONAL) ENVIRONMENT consists of the larger forces
that affect the microenvironment demographic , economic, natural,
technological, political, and cultural forces.
THE MICRO – ENVIRONMENT
Market manager's job is to build relationships with customers by
creating customers value and satisfaction.
However, marketing managers cannot do this alone.
THE COMPANY
Company aspect of microenvironment refers to the internal
invironment of the company. This includes all departments, such as
management, finance , research and development, purchasing, operations
and accounting.
SUPPLIER
Supplier form an important link in the company's overall customer
value delivery network. They provide the resources needed by the
company to produce its goods and services.
MARKETING INTERMEDIARIES
Marketing intemediaries help the company promote, sell, and
distribute its products to final buyers. They include resellers, physical
distribution firms, marketing services agencies, and financial
intemediaries.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION FIRMS help the company stock
and move goods from their points of origin to their destinations.
Marketing services agencies are the marketing research firms,
advertising agencies, media firms and marketing consulting firms that
help the company target and promote its products to the right markets.
FINANCIAL INTEMEDIARIES include banks, credit companies,
insurance companies, and other businesses thet help finance transactions
or insure against the risks associated with the buying and selling of
goods.
COMPETITORS
Competitors are also a factor in the microenvironment and include
companies with similar offerings for goods and services. The company
should develop a strategic advantage over their competitors.
PUBLICS
The company's marketing environment also includes various publics. A
public is any group that has a actual or potential interest in or impact on
an organization's ability to achieve its objectives. We can identify seven
type of publics:
1. FINANCIAL PUBLICS. This group influences the company's
ability to obtain funds. Banks, investment analyst, and stockholders are
the major financial publics.
2. MEDIA PUBLICS. This group carries news, features, and editorial
opinion. It includes newspapers, magazines, television station, and blogs
and other Internet media.
3. GOVERNMENT PUBLICS. Management must take government
developments into account. Marketers must often consult the company's
lawyers on issues of product safety, truth in advertising and other
matters.
4. CITIEN ACTION PUBLICS. Its public relations department can
help it stay in touch with consumer and citizen groups.
5. LOCAL PUBLICS. This group includes neighborhood residents and
community organizations. Large companies usually create departments
and programs that deal with local community issues and provide
community supports.
6. GENERAL PUBLICS. A company needs to be concerned about the
general public's attitude toward its products and activities. The public's
image of the company affects its buying.
7. INTERNAL PUBLICS. This group includes workers, managers,
volunteers, and the board of directors. Large companies use newsletters
and other means to inform and motivate their internal publics. When
employees feel good about the companies they work for, this positive
attitude spills over to the external publics.
• A company can prepare marketing plans for these major publics as
well as for its customer markets.
CUSTOMERS the most important actors in the company's
microenvironment.
Consumer Markets consist of individual ang households that buy
goods and services for personal consumption.
Business Markets buy goods and services for further processing or
use in their production processes
Reseller Markets buy goods and services for further processing or
use in their production processes
GOVERNMENT MARKETS consist of government agencies that buy
goods and services to produce public services or transfer the goods and
services to other who need them.
INTERNATIONAL MARKETS consist of these buyers in other
countries, including consumers, producers, resellers, and governments.
THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT
The macro environment refers to all forces that are part of the
larger society and affect the micro environment.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
the study of human population in terms of size, density, location,
age, gender, race, occupation, and other statistics. The demographic
environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves
people,and people make up markets.
THE CHANGING AGE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
The current population of the Philippines is about 18,394,134
million and may reach amost 120 million by 200.The single most
important demographic trend now is the changing age structure of the
population.
The Philippines’ population contains several generational groups
GENERATIONAL MARKETING Some experts warn that
marketers need to be careful about turning off one generation each
time they craft a product or message that appeals effectively to
another
THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
consists of economic factors that affect consumer purchasing
power and spending patterns. Markets require buying power as well as
people.
Changes In Consumer Spending
Economic factors can have a dramatic effect on consumer
spending and buying behavior.
Income Distribution
Marketers should pay attention to income distribution as well as
income levels.
*Changes in major economic variables, such as income, cost of living,
interest rates, and savings and borrowing patterns have a large impact on
marketplace.
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by
marketers or that are affected by marketing activities.
Trends that affect natural environment:
*Growing shortages of raw materials.
*increased pollution
*increased government intervention
*environmental sustainability
THE TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
is perhaps the most dramatic force now shaping our destiny. It is
also one of the fastest changing factors in the macroenvironmental
factors now.
THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
includes all laws, government agencies, and groups that influence
or limit other organizations and individuals within a society. It is
important for marketers to be aware of these restrictions as they can be
complex.
THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
consists of institutions and basic values and beliefs of a group of
people.
MARKETING RESEARCH
In addition to marketing intelligence information about general
consumer, competitor, and marketplace happenings, marketers often
need formal studies that provide customer and market insights for
specific marketing situations and decisions.
Marketing research is the systematic design, collection, analysis, and
reporting of data relevant to a specific marketing situation facing an
organization.
It can help them to assess market potential and market share or
measure the effectiveness of pricing, product, distribution, and promotion
activities.
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION – Just as researchers must
carefully evaluate the quality of secondary information, they also
must take great care when collecting primary data. They need to
make sure that it will be relevant, accurate, current and unbiased.
RESEARCH APPROACHES – for gathering primary data include
observation,surveys, and experiments.
Observational Research – involves gathering primary data by
observing relevant people, actions, and situations.
*Marketers not only observe what consumers do but also observe what
consumers are sayin. Marketers now routinely listen in on consumer
conversations on blogs, social networks, and web sites. Observing such
naturally occurring feedback can provide inputs that simply can’t be
gained through more structure and formal research approaches.
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH – involves sending observers to watch
and interact with consumers in theit “natural environments”
Survey Research – the most widely used method for primary data
collection, is the approached best suited for gathering descriptive
information.
*Surveys addressing almost any marketing question or decision can be
conducted by phone or mail, in person, or on the Web.
Experimental Research – best suited for gathering causal information.
Experiments involve selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them
different treatments, controlling unrelated factors, and checking for
differences in group responses. Thus, experimental research tries to
explain causeandeffect relationships.
CONTACT METHODS
Information can be collected by mail, telephone, personal interview or
online.
MAIL, TELEPHONE, AND PERSONAL INTERVIEWING
Mail Questionnaires – used to collect large amounts of information at
a low cost per respondent.
*Mail surveys usually take longer to complete, and the response ratethe
number of people returning completed questionnaires – is often very low.
Telephone Interviewing – best methods for gathering information
quickly, and it provides greater flexibility than mail questionnaires
*Rates tend to be higher than with mail questionnaires and intervieers
can ask to speak to respondets with the desired characteristics or even by
name.
Personal Interviewing – takes two forms of individual interviewing
and group interviewing
INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWING – talkin with people in their homes
or offices, on the street, or in shopping malls.
*It can show subjects actual products, advertisments, or packages, and
observe reactions and behavior.
GROUP INTERVIEWING – inviting six to ten people to meet with a
trained moderator to talk about a product, service, or organization.
*Researchers and marketers watch the focus group discussions form
behind onwway glass and record comments in writing or on video for
later study.
*Consumers in focus group are not always open and honest about their
real feelings, behavior and intentions in front of other people.
“IMMERSION GROUPS” – small groups of consumers who interact
directly and informally with the product designers without a focus group
moderator present.
Online Marketing Research The growth of the internet has a
dramatic impact on the conduct of marketing research.
FORMS OF ONLINE RESEARCH:
• Internet survey It can include questionare on its Website and other
incentives for completing it. It can use email, Weblinks, or Web popups to
invite people to answer questions.
• Online panels provide regular feedback or conduct live discussions or
online focus groups.
• Experiments They can experiment different prices, headlines, or
product features on different websites or at different times to learn the
relative effectiveness of their offers.
Online focus group A primary web based reasearch approach.
Advantages of Online Research
• Speed and low costs.
• Well within the reach of almost any business, large or small
• More interactive and engaging, easier to complete and less intrusive
• Conduct and monitor online focus groups from just about anywhere,
eliminating travel, lodging, and facility costs.
Several Formats Of Online Focus Groups:
• Online message board
• Real time audio and video
Drawbacks of Online Research:
• Controlling who's in the online sample
• Not realistic consumers
• Consumer privacy
SAMPLING PLAN Marketing researchers draw conclusions by
studying a small sample of the total consumer population.
A SAMPLE is sa segment of the population selected for marketing
research to represent the population as a whole.
Designing the sample requires three (3) dimensions:
1. Who is to be studied?
2. How many people should be included?
3. How should the people in the sample be chosen?
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
• QUESTIONNAIRES
most common instrument
very flexible
Closed end questions include all the possible answers and subjects make
choices among them.
Openend questions allow respondents to answer in their own words.
• MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS
Interpreting and reporting
use to monitor consumer behavior
the findings
the researcher should not try
"neuromarketing" measuring brain
to overwhelm managers with
activity to learn how consumer feel
numbers and fancy statistical
and respond.
techniques.
thus,managers and
Implementing the Research plan
researchers must work together
the researcher next puts the
closely when interpreting
marketing research plan into action.
research results, and both must
they need to check data for accuracy
share responsibility for the
and completeness and code it for
research process and resulting
analysis.
decisions.
CONSUMER AND BUSINESS MARKETS
There are factors at many levels that affect consumer buying behavior.
CONSUMER BUYER BEHAVIOR refers to the buying behavior of final
consumers — individuals and households that buy good and services for
personal consumption. All of these final consumers combine to make up the
CONSUMER MARKET.
Characteristics AffectingConsumer Behavior
* CULTURAL FACTORS
— exert a broad and deel influence on consumer behavior.
Marketers need to understand the role played by the buyer's culture,
subculture, and social class.
1) Culture
Culture is the most basic cause of a person's wants and behavior.
Growing up in a society, a child learns basic values, perceptions , wants,
and behavior from his or her family and other important institution.
2) Subculture
Each culture contains smaller Subculture, or groups of people with
shared value systems based on common life experience and situation.
Subculture include nationalities , religions, racial group , and geographic
regions.
3)Social class
Social Classes are society's relatively permamentane ordered
divisions whose members share similar values , interests, and behavior.
*SOCIAL FACTORS
—A consumers behavior also influenced by social factors such as
the consumer's small groups, family, social roles and status.
1) Group's and SocialNetworks
Groups that have a direct influence and to which a person belongs
are called membership group.
• WordofMouth Influenceand Buzz Marketing. Wordofmouth
influence can have a powerful impact on consumer buying behavior.
• Buzz Marketing involves enlisting or even creating opinion leaders
to serve as ”brand ambassador” who spread the word about the
company's product.
Online Social Networks. Online social network are online
communities where people socialize or exchanged information and
opinions.
2)Family Family members can strongly influence buyer behavior. The
Family is the most important consumer buying organization in society ,
and it has veen researched extensively.
3)Roles and Status
A person belongs to many groups –family,clubs , organizations,
online communities. A role consists of the activities people are expected
to perform according to the people around them . Each role carries a
status reflecting the general esteem given to it by society.
PERSONAL FACTORS
A buyer's decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics such
as the buyer's agent and life cycle stage, occupation, economic situation,
lifestyle, personality and selfconcept.
AGE AND LIFE CYCLE STAGE
People change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes.
Taste in food, clothes, furniture, and recreation are often age related.
Life stage change usually result from demographics and lifechanging
events marriage, having children, purchasing a home, divorce, children
going to college, changes in personal income, moving out of the house,
and retirement. Marketers often define their target markets in terms of
lifecycle stage develop appropriate products and marketing plans for ech
stage.
OCCUPATION
A person's occupation affects the goods and services bought. Blue
collar workers tend to buy more rugged works clothes, where as
executives buy more business suits. Marketers try to identify the
occupational groups that have an above average interest in their
products and services.
ECONOMIC SITUATION
A person's economic situation will affect his or her store and product
choices.
LIFESTYLE
People coming from the same subculture, social class, and occupation
may have quite different lifestyle. Lifestyle is a person's pattern of living
as expressed my in his or her psychographics. It involves measuring
PERSONALITY AND SELFCONCEPT
Personality can be useful in analyzing consumer behavior for certain
product or brand choices.
The idea is that brands also have personalities that match their own.
One researcher identified five brand personality traits: sincerity,
excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
A person's buying choices are further influenced by four major
psychological factors: motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and
attitudes.
• MOTIVATION
A motive ( or drive ) is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the
person to seek satisfaction. Psychologist have developed theories of
human motivation. Two of the most popular the theories of Sigmund
Freud and Abraham Maslow have quite different meanings for
consumer analysis and marketing.
Sigmund Freud assumed that people are largely unconscious about
the real psychological forces shaping their bahavior.
Freud's theory suggest that a person's buying decisions are affected
by subconscious motives that even the buyer may not fully
understand.
The term motivation research refers to qualitative research designed to
probe consumers hidden, subconscious motivations.
Many companies employ teams of psychologist, anthropologists, and
other social scientist to carry out motivation research.
Abraham maslow sought to explain why people are driven by
particular needs at particular times
A person tries to satisfy the most important need first. When
that need is satisfied, it will stop being a motivator, and the person will
then try to satisfy the next most important need.
PERCEPTION
Perception is the process by which people select, organize, and
interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world.
LEARNING
Learning describes changes in an individual's behavior arising from
experience.
Beliefs and Attitudes
Through doing and learning, people acquire beliefs and attitudes.
Beliefs may be based on real knowledge, opinion, or faith and may or
may not carry an emotional change. Marketers are interested in the
beliefs that people formulate about specific products and services
because these beliefs are wrong and prevent purchase, the marketer
will want to launch a campaign to correct them.
Attitudes describes a person's relatively consistent evaluations, feelings,
and tendencies toward an object or idea. Attitudes put people into frame
of mind of liking or disliking things, of moving toward or away from
them.
TYPES OF BUYING DECISION BEHAVIOR
Buying behavior differs greatly for a tube of toothpaste, an iPhone,
financial services, and a new car .
COMPLEX BUYING BEHAVIOR
Consumer undertake complex buying behavior when they are highly
involved in a purchase and perceive significant differences among
brands.
DISSONANCEREDUCING BUYING BEHAVIOR
occurs when the consumer is highly involved but sees little
difference between brands. This is likely to the case with the
purchase of a lawn mowe or a diamond ring.
Habitual Buyer Behavior
refers to the situations where a consumer has low involvement in a
purchase, and is perceiving few significant differences between brands in a
given product category. So many products fit into this scenario.
VarietySeeking Buying Behavior
occurs when the consumer is not involved with the purchase, yet there
are significant brand differences. In this case, the cost of switching
products is low, and so the consumer may, perhaps simply out of boredom,
move from one brand to another brand.
The Buyer Decision Process
is the decision making process used by consumers regarding the
market transactions before, during, and after the purchase of good or
service. It can be seen as a particular form of a costbenefit analysis in the
presence of multiple alternatives.
Need Recognition
is the first step in consumer buying behavior and is also called
problem identification. It occurs when a consumer discovers an unmet need
that must be fulfilled.
Information Search
is a stage in the consumer decision process during which a consumer
searches for a internal or external information.
Need Evaluation Post
Informatio Purchase
Recognitio of purchase
n search decision
n alternatives behavior
STAGES IN THE ADOPTION PROCESS
1. AWARENESS – The consumer becomes aware of the new product
but lacks information about it.
2. INTEREST – The consumer seeks information about the new
product.
3. EVALUATION – The consumer considers whether trying the new
product makes sense.
4. TRIAL – The consumer tries the new product on a small scale to
improve his or her estimate of its value.
5. ADOPTION – The consumer decides to make full and regular use of
the new product.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INNOVATIVENESS
People differ greatly in their readiness to try new products. In each
product area, there are "consumption pioneers" and early adopters.
Otjer individual adopt new products much later. People can be classified
into the adopter categories.
5 Adopter Groups
•Innovators are venturesome
•Early ad pters are guided by respect
•Early majority is deliberate
•Late majority is skeptical
•laggard tradition bound
INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS ON RATE OF
ADOPTION
1. Relative advantage: The degree to which the innovation appears superior
to existing products.
2. Compatibility: The degree to which the innovators fits the values and
experiences of potential consumers.
3. Complexity: The degree to which the innovation is difficult to understand
or use.
4. Divisibility: The degree to which the innovation may be tried on a limited
basis.
5. Communicability: The degree to which the results of using the innovation
can be observed or described others
BUSINESS MARKETS
Business buyer behavior refers to the buying behavior of the
organizations that buy goods anf services for use in the production of kther
products and services that are sold, rented,, or supplied to others
MARKET STRUCTURE AND DEMAND
• The BUSINESS MARKETER normally deals with far fewer buy far
larger buyers than the consumer marketer does
• DERIVED DEMAND it ultimately comes fron (derives from) the
demand for consumer goods
NATURE OF THE BUYING UNIT
Compared with consumer purschases, a business purschase
ally involves more decision participants and a more professional
purchasing effort
TYPES OF DECISIONS AND
THE DECISION PROCESS
•More Complex
•More Formalized
•More Depend
BUSINESS BUYER
MAJOR TYPES OF BUYING SITUATIONS
STRAIGHT REBUY the buyer reorders something without and
modifications. It is usually handles on a routine basis by the
purschasing department.
MODIFIED REBUY buyer wants to modify product specifications,
prices, terms, or suppliers. The in suppliers may become nervous and
feel pressured to put their best foot forward to protect an account.
PARTICIPANTS IN THE BUSINESS BUYING PROCESS
1. USERS
2. INFLUENCERS
3. BUYERS
4. DECIDERS 5. GATEKEEPERS
MAJOR INFLUENCES ON BUSINESS BUYER
Business buyers are subject to many influences when they make their
buying decisions. Some marketers assume that the major influences are
economic.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS – Business buyers are heavily
influenced by factors in the current and expected economic environment,
such as the level of primary demand, the economic outlook, and the cost
of money. Another factor is the suppy of key materials.
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS – Each buying organization has its own
objectives, strategies, structure, and procedures, and the business
marketer must understand these factors well.
Such Questions:
1. How many people are involved in the buying decision?
2. Who are they?
3. What are their evaluate criteria?
4. What are the company’s policies and limits on its buyers?
INTERPERSONAL FACTORS – influence the business buyung
process.
*Participants may influence the buying decision because they control
rewards and punishments, are well liked.
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS – affected by personal characteristics such
as age, income, education, professional identification, personality,
and attitudes toward risk.
• PROBLEM RECOGNITION – a result from internal or external
stimuli. Internally, the company may decide to launch a new
product that requires new production equipment and materials.
Externally, the buyer may get some new ideas at a trade show, see
an ad , or reeive a call from a salesperson who offers a better
product or a lower price.
• GENERAL NEED DESCRIPTION – describes the characteristics
and quantity of the needed item.
• *For standard items – process presents few problem.
• *For complex items – the buyer need to work with others –
engineers, users, consultants – to define the item.
• PRODUCTION SPECIFICATION – help a value analysis
engineering team.
PRODUCT VALUE ANALYSIS – an approach to cost reduction in
which components are studied carefully to determine if they can be
redesigned, standardized, or made by less costly methods of
production.
• SUPPLIER SEARCH – the buyers now conducts a supplier search to
find the best vendors. Today, more and more companies are turning
to the internet to find suppiers.
• PROPOSAL SOLICITATION – stage of the business buying process,
the buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals.
*Business marketers must be skilled in researching, writing and
presenting proposals in response to buyer proposal solicitations.
• SUPPLIER SELECTION – The buyer center often will draw up a list
of the desired supplier attributes and their relative importance.
*Buyers may attempt to negotiate will preffered suppliers for better
prices and terms before making the final selections.
ORDERROUTINESPECIFICATION – includes the final order with
the chosen supplier or suppliers and lists items such as technical
specifications, quantity needed, expected delivery time, return
policies and warranties.
• PERFORMANCE REVIEW – lead the buyer to continue, modify , or
drop the arrangement.
• E PROCUREMENT: BUYING ON THE INTERNET
gives buyers access to new suppliers, lower purchasing cost, and
hastens order processing and delivery.
*REVERSE CAUTIONS – they put their purchasing requests online
and invite suppliers to bid for the business.
*TRAILING EXCHANGES – companies work collectively to facilitate
the trading process.
Business to business eprocurement yields many benefits.
(1) It shaves transaction costs and results in more efficient purchasing
for both buyers and suppliers.
(2) Eprocurement reduces the time between order and delivery.
(3) Eprocurement frees purchasing people from a lot of drudgery and
paperwork.
Epprocurement can also create potential secutiry disasters.
Although email, and home banking transactions can be protected
through basic encryption, the secure environment that businesses need
to carry out confidential interactions is sometimes still lacking.
MARKETING SEGMENTATION, MARKET
TARGETING, AND MARKET POSTIONING (STP)
MARKET SEGMENTATION
Buyers in any market differ in their
wants,resources,locations,buying attitudes,and buying practices.Through
market segmentation ,comoanies divide large ,heterogenous markets into
smaller segments that can be reach more efficiently and effectively with
products and services that match their unique needs .
•SEGMENTING CONSUMER MARKETS
There is no single way to segment a market. A marketer has to try
different segmentation variables, alone and in combination, to fin d the
best way to view market structure.
•Geographic Segmentation
Geographic Segmentation calls for dividing the market into different
geographical units, such as nations, region, states, countries, cities or
even neighborhoods. A company may decide to operate in one or few
geographical areas but pay attention to geographical differences in needs
and wants.
Many companies today are localizing their products, advertising,
promotion, and sales efforts to fit the needs of individual regions, cities, and
even neighborhoods.
•DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Demographic Segmentation
divides the market into segments based on variables such as age, gender,
family size, family lifecycle, income occupation, education, religion, race,
generation, and nationality. Demographic factors are most popular bases
for segmenting customer groups. One reason is that consumer needs, wants,
and usage rates often vary closely with demographic variables. Another is
that demographic variables are easier to measure than most other types of
variable. Even when marketers first define segments using other bases,
such benefits sought or behavior, they must know a segment’s demographic
characteristics to assess the size of the target market and reach it
efficiently.
•Age and LifeCycle Stage. Consumer needs and wants change with
age. Some companies use age and lifecycle segmentation, offering
different products or using different marketing approaches for different
age and lifecycle groups.
Marketers must be careful to guard against stereotypes when using
age and lifecycle segmentation. Although some 8yearolds fit the
doddering stereotypes, others play tennis. Similarly, whereas some 40
year old couples are sending their children off to college, others are just
beginning new families. Thus, age is often a poor predictor of a person’s
life cycle, health, work or family status, needs, and buying power.
Companies marketing to mature consumers usually employ positive
images and appeals.
•Gender segmentation has long been used in clothing
,cosmetics,toiletries,and magazines.
• Income. People who buy a product have to pay a certain price. This
depends upon the purchasing power of the customer and whether
he / she can afford it. This classification is done by income
segmentation , where groups are created by understanding the
monthly or annual income of the population
• Psychographic Segmentation divides buyer into different
segments based on social class, lifestyle or personality
characteristics. people on the same demographic group can have very
different psychographic characteristics.
*Marketers also use PERSONALITY VARIABLES to segment markets.
BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION
- Divides buyer into segments based on their knowledge, attitude, uses, or
response to a product . Many marketers believe that behalf variables are
the best starting point for building market segments.
• Behavioral segmentation parameters
The target consumers for a product or a campaign can be grouped on the
basis of their behavioral characteristics which can be as follows:
1. Occasion oriented: Buyers can be grouped according to occasions when
they get the idea to buy, actually make their purchase,or use the purchase
item. Occasions Segmentation can help firms build up product usage.
2. Usage oriented: Markets can also be segmented into light medium and
heavy product users. Heavy users are often a small percentage of the
market but account for a high percentage of total consumption.
3. Loyalty oriented: Markets are segmented by the consumer loyalty.
Consumer can be loyal to brands, stores and companies. Buyers can be
divided into groups according to their degree of loyalty.
4. Benefits sought: A powerful form of Segmentation is group buyers
according to the different benefits that they seek from a product.
Requirements for effective segmentation
To be useful, Markets segments must be:
1) Measurable
2) Accesible
3) Substantial
4) Differentiable
5) Actionable
MARKET TARGETING – reveals the firm’s market segment
opportunities.
EVALUATING MARKET SEGMENTS
A firm must look at three factors: segment size and growth; segment
structural attractiveness; and company objectives and resources.The
company must first collect and analyze data on current segment sales,
growth rates, and the expected profitability for various segment.
SELECTING TARGET MARKET SEGMENTS
• TARGET MARKET – a set of buyers who share common needs or
characteristics that the company decides to serve.
Undifferentiated Marketing or (Mass Marketing) a firm might
decide to ignore market segment differences and target the whole
market with one offer. Such a strategy focuses on what is common in
the needs of consumers rather than on what is different.
Micromarketing
Undifferentiated Differentiated Concentratd
(local or
(mass) (segmented) (niche)
individual
marketing marketing marketing
marketing)
Concentrated Marketing or (niche marketing) – instead of going after a
small share of a large market. A firm goes after a large share of one or
a few smaller segments or niches. The firm achieves a strong market
position because of its greater knowledge of consumer needs in the
niches it serves and the special reputation it acquires.
Micromarketing – the practice of tailoring products and marketing
programs to suit the tastes of specific individuals and locations.
Local Marketing – involves tailoring brands and promotions to the
needs and wants of local customer groups – cities,neighborhoods, and
even specific stores.
Individual Marketing – tailoring products and marketing programs to
the needs and preferences of individual customers. It also been labeled
onetoone marketing, mass customization,and markets of one
marketing.
*MASS CUSTOMIZATION – the process through which firms interact
onetoone with masses of customers to design products and services
tailormade to individual needs.
CHOOSING A TARGETING STRATEGY
Companies need to consider many factors when choosing a market
targeting strategy.
*Another factor is MARKET VARIABILITY – the same tastes, buy the
same amounts, and react the same way to marketing efforts,
undifferentiated marketing isnappropriate.
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE TARGET MARKETING
Smart targeting helps companies become more efficient and effectively
by focusing on the segments that they can satisfy best and most profitably.
*Socially responsible marketing calls for segmentation and targeting that
serve not just interests of the company but also the interests of those
targeted
DIFFERENTIATION AND POSITIONING
VALUE PROPOSITION How it will create differentiated value for
targeted segments and what positions it wants to occupy in those
segments.
PRODUCT'S POSITION
• is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes
— the place the product occupies in consumers' minds relative to
competing products.
• is the complex set of perceptions, impressions, and feelings that
consumers have for the product compared with competing products.
POSITIONING MAPS
PERCEPTUAL POSITIONING MAPS show consumer perceptions of their
brands versus competing producr on important buying dimensions.
CHOOSING A DIFFERENTIATION AND POSITIONING STRATEGY
A brand's positioning must serve the needs and preferences of well
defined target markets.
• The differentiation and positioning task consists of three (3) steps:
1. Identifying a set of differentiating competitive advantages on which to
build a position.
2. Choosing the right competitive advantages; and
3. Selecting the overall positioning strategy.
IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE VALUE DIFFERENCES AND
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Competitive Advantage a company can differentiate and position itself as
providing superior customer value.
• Points of Differentiation:
• Marketers must think through the customer's entire experience with the
company's product or service.
• Every customer contact point
• Features, performance or style, and design
• Speedy, convenient, or careful delivery
• Competitive Advantages:
• Channel's coverage, expertise, and performance
• People differentiation
• Show the product's distinctive benefits and positioning
• Choosing the Right Competitive Advantages
if a company is fortunate enough to discover several potential
differentations that provide competitive advantages.It now must choose the
ones on which it will build its positioning strategy. It must decide how
many differences to promote and which ones.
• How Many Differences to Promote
Many marketers think that companies should aggressively promote
only one benefit to the target market.
WHICH DIFFERENCES TO PROMOTE
Not all brand differences are meaningful or worthwile;not every
difference makes a good differentiator. Each difference has the potential to
create company costs as well as customer benefits. A difference is worth
establishing to the extent that it satisfies the following criteria :
1.Important: The difference delivers a highly valued benefit to target
buyers.
2.Distinctive: Competitors do not offer the difference, or the company can
offer it in a more distinctive way.
3.Superior: The difference is superior to other ways that customers might
obtain the same benefit.
4. Communicable: The difference is communicable and visible to buyers.
5. Preemptive: Competitors cannot easily copy the difference.
6. Affordable: Buyers can afford to pay for the difference.
7. Profitable: The company can introduce the difference profitably.
• Selecting an Overall Positioning
Strategy
Value proposition is the full
positioning of a brand, it's the full
mix of benefits on which a brand is
differentiated and positioned.
More for More "More for More"
positioning involves providing the
most upscale product or service and
charging a higher price to cover the
higher cost.
More for the Same Companies can attack a competitor's moreformore
positioning by intoducing a brand offering comparable quality at a lower
price.
The Same for Less Offering "the same for less" can be a powerful value
proposition, everyone likes a good deal. Discount stores such as Walmart
and "category killers" such as Best Buy use this positioning.
Less for Much Less A market almost always exists for products that offer
less and therefore cost less.
More for Less The winning value proposition would be to offer "more for
less". Many companies claim to do this. And, in the short run, some
companies can actually achieve such lofty positions.
DEVELOPING A POSITIONING STATEMENT
The company and brand positioning should be summed up in a positioning
statement. The statement should follow the form: To (target segment and
need) our (brand) is (concept) that (point of difference).
COMMUNICATING AND DELIVERING THE CHOSEN POSITION
Once a company has chosen a position, the company must take strong
steps to deliver and communicate the desired position to its target
consumers. All the company's marketing mix efforts must support the
positioning strategy.
Positioning the company calls for concrete action, not just talk. If the
company decides to build a position on better quality and service, it must
first deliver that position.