Quantitative

Research
 Itis a systematic investigation of observable
phenomena where the researcher gathers
quantitative or numerical data and subjects
them to statistical methods.
 Thisresearch method is highly deductive as it
uses data o test hypothesis and theories.
 Quantitative research uses statistical methods
such as Pearson’s r which measures the
relationship between two variables; t-test, which
examines the presence of a statistical
differences between two or more means;
analysis of variance (ANOVA), which looks into
statistical difference among the means of two or
more groups, and multiple regression, which test
the relationship between several independent
variables and one dependent variables.
Pearson’s R
T-test Formula
Mean
 The Arithmetic Mean is the average of the numbers:
a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.
To calculate it:
• add up all the numbers,
• then divide by how many numbers there are.
Example: what is the mean of 2, 7 and 9?
Add the numbers: 2 + 7 + 9 = 18
Divide by how many numbers (i.e. we added 3
numbers): 18 ÷ 3 = 6
So the mean is 6
Goals of Quantitative Research

 To test hypothesis
 Explore relationships
 Make predictions
 Generalize the findings with a population.
 Probabilitysampling is highly randomized,
because of this, quantitative research is often
said exhibit a lower level of subjectivity and a
higher rate of generalizability.
 Generalizabilityrefers to the extent to which
findings not only represent the samples but
also the population at large.
Strengths of Quantitative

 It can be replicated or repeated in the contexts.

 It provides findings that are generalizable to a
large population.
 It can establish causality more conclusively.
 It can make predictions based on numerical,
quantitative data.
 Data analysis using statistical software is faster.
 Data-gathering techniques are typically less
demanding compared with those in qualitative
research.
 It has a low degree of subjectivity.
 Its validity and reliability can be measured.
Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
 It cannot adequately provide in-depth
information necessary for describing and
explaining a complex phenomenon.
 It lacks the ability to provide a comprehensive
textual description of human experiences.
 Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing
intangible factors, such as gender roles, socio-
economic status, and social norms of given
population.
 It has less flexibility in terms if study design.
 Responsesof participants are strictly limited
to what has been asked. These responses
may not be extensive in some cases.
 Self-reported
data may not be very accurate
as respondents may have the tendency to
underestimate or overestimate their skills and
behavior during self-assessment tasks.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

 Descriptive
 Correlational
 Ex post facto
 Quasi experimental
 Experimental
Kinds of Variables

 Quantitative
 Discrete
 Ratio
 Qualitative
 Dichotomous
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Dependent
 Independent
 Extraneous
 Cofounding
Identifying the
Inquiry and Stating
the Problem
Selecting the Research Topic

 Research Topic is a general area of that you

would like to pursue in your research.
Researchers are challenge to come up with
research topics that are both interesting and
useful.
Several Factors to Consider in
Identifying and Selecting your topic
 Relevance
 Interest
 Manageability
 Available Resources
Background of the Study

 Itintroduces the important facets that

establish the general context where the study
revolves. This part may include the
description of the subjects of the study or the
history involving the research.
Research Gap

 It is an issue that has not been fully addressed by

previous studies.
 It helps you to show where your research stands
in the academic field.
Four Component to Consider in
establishing the research gap
 The current state of field.
 The current and conventional practices in
addressing the issue
 The research gap
 The contribution of the present study in
addressing the research gap
Identifying and
Stating the
Research Problem
Research Problem

 This refers to the particular issue you will address

in your study as well as the specific area of
concern of the research.
 It states what is to be investigated and Identifies
the variables and discuss their relationship.
Steps in Identifying Research
Problem
 Conduct preliminary research using all
variable resources
 Prepare a concept map to generate and
synthesize your ideas.
 Identifyyour general research problem from
these cluster.
Problem Statement

 Itformally points out the issue that your study

wants to address. A good problem statement
does not only identify the problems in the
study but also answers the questions” Why is
the problem worthy of being investigated?”
Following Components in Problem
Statement
 A clear explanation of the problem as well as its
causes.
 Evidence that supports the existence of
identified problem.
 Definition of concepts relevant to the problem.
Formulating the Research
Questions
 Research Questions is an important components
of your research which helps you to define the
research problem of your study.
 General research question is derived from the
main problem of the study.
 Specific research question are anchored on the
general research question. They are helpful in
developing tools for collecting data, and etc.
 Research objectives these are goals that your
research aims to achieve.
 Thesis statement, which serves as a one-sentence
summary of the arguments that you are presenting
in your study.
Specific Research Questions for
Descriptive Research
 The focus of descriptive quantitative research is
to observe and report on the measurable
aspects of phenomenon.
Specific Research Questions for
Correlational Research
 Correlational research is interested in finding out
the relationships among two or more variables.
Specific Research Questions for Ex
Post Facto Research
 It attempts to discover the cause/s of a
phenomenon.
Specific Research Questions for Experimental and
Quasi-experimental Research

 Itsuggest a stronger casual relationship

among the variables in the study. In
particular, this casual relationship is linked to
the manipulation of a certain variable during
the study itself.
Formulating
Hypothesis
Hypothesis

 It is a statement that defines the testable

relationship you expect to see from examining
the variables in your research.
 Through hypothesis you can make statements
predicting what will happen in your research.
Two types of Hypothesis

 Null Hypothesis states that there is no relationship

between variables.
 Alternative Hypothesis states that there is a
relationship variables.
Writing the Scope and Delimitation

 It describes the parameters to which the study is

set.
 It set the boundaries of your research in terms of
certain aspects.
Components of the scope and
delimitation
 Topic of the study
 Objectives of the study and the issues it will
address
 Time frame in which the study will be
conducted.
 The locale or area where the study will be
conducted.

 Characteristics of the participants in the
study(age, sex, education, economic and civil
status, in addition the other traits.)
 Response formats used in the study.
Significance of the study

 This section details the contribution or benefit

that your study provides to different people and
organizations , including the academe and
other sectors of society.
Topical Arrangement

 It is done in paragraphs and based on the

weight of the individual contributors.
Enumeration Format

 The details must be arranged according to the

beneficiaries.
Writing the Research Title

 Title summarizes the main idea of the whole

paper and is the most notable part of the
research paper.
Guidelines for writing your research
title.
 Avoid overly general title such “Exercise and
Weight”
 Refrain from using abbreviations unless they are
commonly known.
 Avoid using phrase such as “A study of…”
 An example of this is “A study on the Effects of
Violent Video Programs on the Students
Academic Performance.”
 Indicate the subject and scope of the study by
specifying your dependent and independent
variables.
 As much as possible, refrain from indicating the
year the study has been conducted.
 Employ either the declarative or question form in
formulating your title.
 Use the current acceptable terminology in your
field of study when writing your research title.