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Soil Investigation

Shamas Shoukat Ali

(Assistant Professor)

MSc Geo-tech Engineering (NUST Islamabad)

BSc Civil Engineering (NUST Islamabad)
Salient Features

 D

 P
THE HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
The hydrological studies are intended to estimate the
different hydrological parameters of the basin. These
studies form basis for,

 estimation of water availability

 the hydraulic design of the dam
 spillway and other appurtenant structures
THE WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
OF SMALL DAMS
Catchment Length of Height
Sr. No. Name of Dam Area Longest Stream Difference Slope (ft/ft)
(Sq miles) (ft) "H" (ft)

1 Earn Dam 7.0 18058 1204 0.067

2 Naval Dam 13.3 21807 3350 0.154

3 Kardala Dam 16.1 40392 2999 0.074

4 Baroora Dam 2.9 17054 5171 0.303

5 Nihala Dam 1.3 9293 525 0.056

 Meteorological Data for Muzaffarabad Station
Temperature ºC
Month Humidity % Rainfall (in) Evaporation (in)
Max Min
January 17.38 5.22 68 4.37 5.84
February 20.24 8.32 64 5.31 6.86
March 26.42 12.84 54 6.69 10.67
April 32.54 17.54 43 3.86 15.49
May 36.62 21.98 38 3.11 19.05
June 38.18 23.38 44 4.84 16.76
July 37.18 23.48 66 13.43 15.24
August 33.32 22.84 76 8.11 13.97
September 32.74 20.64 67 4.57 13.72
October 29.66 16.04 60 1.65 12.45
November 23.8 10.74 60 1.50 8.13
December 18.8 6.34 67 2.87 6.10
Results
The average humidity at morning and evening is
69.0% and 48.75% respectively.
The highest value of humidity is 83.4%, recorded in
August at morning.
The lowest value of humidity is 29% recorded in the
month of May at evening.
Rainfall Data
The formula for computation of rainfall is given as

follows:

Ps = (P - 0.2S) 2 /(P + 0.8S)

Where,

Ps = Runoff (in)

P = Total precipitation (in)
S = Potential maximum retention (in)
WATER DEMAND
The monthly irrigation water requirements (IWR) for
the crops included in the proposed cropping pattern
have been derived by applying the crop coefficients Kc
for the different growth stages to the peak daily evapo-
transpiration ETo and adjusted to take into account the
effective rainfall. The crop coefficients are based on
the values quoted in FAO Publications 24 and 33
modified to reflect mid season and staggered planting
and harvesting.
Time of Concentration

The time of concentration (Tc) has been calculated from

Kirpich’s formula as given below:

Tc = ( 11.9L^3 / H) ^0.385

Where as:

L = Length of the longest stream in km/ miles and

H = Difference in altitude of the stream at start and point
of interest in feet.
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