CE 579: STRUCTRAL STABILITY AND DESIGN

Amit H. Varma
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Ph. No. (765) 496 3419
Email: ahvarma@purdue.edu
Office hours: M-T-Th 10:30-11:30 a.m.
 Chapter 2. – Second-Order Differential Equations

 This chapter focuses on deriving second-order differential

equations governing the behavior of elastic members
 2.1 – First order differential equations
 2.2 – Second-order differential equations
 Twisting component of internal forces

 Twisting moments Mz are produced by the internal and external

forces
 There are four components contributing to the total Mz
(1) Contribution from Mx and My – Mz1
(2) Contribution from axial force P – Mz2
(3) Contribution from normal stress s – Mz3
(4) Contribution from end reactions Rx and Ry – Mz4

 The total twisting moment Mz = Mz1 + Mz2 + Mz3 + Mz4

 Twisting component – 4 of 4
 Wagner’s effect or contribution –
complicated.
 Two cross-sections that are dz
apart will warp with respect to
each other.
 The stress element s dA will
become inclined by angle (a
df/dz) with respect to dz axis.
 Twist produced by each stress
element about S is equal to
 df 
dM z 3  as dA) a 
 dz 
df
 Mz 3   
dz A
s a 2 dA
 Twisting component – 4 of 4

Let ,  s a 2 dA  K
A
df
 Mz 3  K
dz
df
 Mz 3  K  for small angles s
dz
x
y

x s
y
 Total Twisting Component
 Mz = Mz1 + Mz2 + Mz3 + Mz4
Mz1 = Mx u’ + My v’ Mz2 = P (y0 u’ – x0 v’) Mz3 = -K f’
Mz4 = – (MTY + MBY) v/L – (MTX + MBX) u/L
 Therefore,
v u
 M z  M x u   M y v  P  y0 u   x0 v )   M TY  M BY )   M TX  M BX )  K f 
L L
v u
 M z  ( M x  P y0 ) u   ( M y  P x0 ) v  ( M TY  M BY )  ( M TX  M BX )  K f 
L L
z
But , M x   M BX  ( M BX  M TX )  P(v  f x0 )
L
z
and , M y   M BY  ( M BY  M TY )  P(u  f y0 )
L
z z
 M z  ( M BX  ( M BX  M TX )  P y0 ) u   ( M BY  ( M BY  M TY )  P x0 ) v
L L
v u
 ( M TY  M BY )  ( M TX  M BX )  K f 
L L
 Internal moments about the xhz axes
 Thus, now we have the internal moments about the xhz axes for the
deformed member cross-section.
 M TX  M BX )  P v  f  P x0  M BY   M TY  M BY ) 
z z
M x   M BX 
L  L 

 M TY  M BY ) 
z z
Mh   M BY   TX
M  M BX )  P u  f   P y0  M BX 
L  L 
z z
M z  ( M BX  ( M BX  M TX )  P y0 ) u   ( M BY  ( M BY  M TY )  P x0 ) v
L L
v u
 ( M TY  M BY )  ( M TX  M BX )  K f 
L L

z
x

h
 Internal Moment – Deformation Relations
 The internal moments Mx, Mh, and Mz will still produce flexural bending
about the centroidal principal axis and twisting about the shear center.
 The flexural bending about the principal axes will produce
linearly varying longitudinal stresses.
 The torsional moment will produce longitudinal and shear
stresses due to warping and pure torsion.
 The differential equations relating moments to deformations are
still valid. Therefore,
Mx = - E Ix v” …………………..(Ix = Ix)
Mh = E Ih u” …………………..(Ih = Iy)
Mz = G KT f’ – E Iw f’”
 Internal Moment – Deformation Relations

Therefore,

 M TX  M BX )  P v  f  P x0  M BY   M TY  M BY ) 
z z
M x   E I x v   M BX 
L  L 

 M TX  M BX )  P u  f   P y0  M BX   M TY  M BY ) 
z z
M h  E I y u    M BY 
L  L 
z
M z  G KT f   E I w f   ( M BX  ( M BX  M TX )  P y0 ) u  
L
z v u
( M BY  ( M BY  M TY )  P x0 ) v  ( M TY  M BY )  ( M TX  M BX )  K f 
L L L
 Second-Order Differential Equations
You end up with three coupled differential equations that relate
the applied forces and moments to the deformations u, v, and f.
Therefore,
 z  z
1 E I x v  P v  f  P x0  M BY   M TY  M BY )   M BX   M TX  M BX )
 L  L
 z  z
2 E I y u  P u  f   P y0  M BX   M TY  M BY )    M BY   M TX  M BX )

 L  L
z
3 E I w f   (G KT  K ) f   u  ( M BX  ( M BX  M TX )  P y0 )
L
z v u

 v ( M BY  ( M BY  M TY )  P x0 )  ( M TY  M BY )  ( M TX  M BX )  0
L L L

These differential equations can be used to investigate the elastic

behavior and buckling of beams, columns, beam-columns and
also complete frames – that will form a major part of this course.
 Chapter 3. Structural Columns

 3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns

 3.2 Elastic Buckling of Column Systems – Frames
 3.3 Inelastic Buckling of Columns
 3.4 Column Design Provisions (U.S. and Abroad)
 3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns

 Start out with the second-order differential equations derived in

Chapter 2. Substitute P=P and MTY = MBY = MTX = MBX = 0
 Therefore, the second-order differential equations simplify to:

1 E I x v  P v  f  P x0 )  0
2 E I y u  P u  f   P y0 )  0

3 E I w f   (G KT  K ) f   u ( P y0 )  v ( P x0 )  0

 This is all great, but before we proceed any further we need to

deal with Wagner’s effect – which is a little complicated.
 Wagner’s effect for columns

K f    s a 2 f dA
A

where,
P M x y Mh x
s     E Wn f 
A Ix Iy
M x  P (v  f x0 )
M h   P (u  f y0 )
 P P (v  f x0 ) y  P (u  f y0 ) x 
 K f        E Wn f  f  a 2 dA
A
 A 
Ix Iy
 P P (v  f x0 ) y  P (u  f y0 ) x 
 K f       E Wn f  f   a 2 dA
 A Ix Iy  A
P
Neglecting higher order terms; K f    f   a 2 dA
A A
 Wagner’s effect for columns
But , a 2  ( x0  x) 2  ( y0  y ) 2
  a 2 dA   ( x0  x) 2  ( y0  y ) 2 dA
A A

  a 2 dA    x02  y02  x 2  y 2  2 x0 x  2 y0 y  dA
A A

  a 2 dA   x02  y02   dA   x 2 dA   y 2 dA  2 x0  x dA  2 y0  y dA
A A A A A A

  a 2 dA  ( x02  y02 ) A  I x  I y
A

Finally,
P
 K f   ( x02  y02 ) A  I x  I y  f 
A
 Ix  I y 
 K f    P ( x02  y02 )   f
 A 
 2 Ix  I y 
Let r0  ( x0  y0 ) 
2 2

 A 
 K f    P r02 f 
 Second-order differential equations for columns

 Simplify to:

1 E I x v  P v  f  P x0 )  0
2 E I y u  P u  f  P y0 )  0

3 E I w f   ( P r02  G KT ) f   u ( P y0 )  v ( P x0 )  0
 Column buckling – doubly symmetric section

 xo= y0 = 0