STEAM TABLE AND

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

MARDIANA AHAMAD ZABIDI

Properties of steam :
1) Saturated Liquid
 Liquid water in equilibrium with its vapour

2) Saturated Vapour
 Also known as saturated steam, which all the water vapourized
at the boiling point of the liquid.
 Slight cooling at constant pressure will result in condensation.
The change in phase will cause a release of heat.
3) Superheated Steam
 Water vapour at a temperature higher than the boiling point.
 When steam contains more energy than what is required to fully
vapourize all the moisture, it is superheated.
 Increasing the temp. of saturated vapour produces superheated
steam
Steam tables are tabulated values for the properties of
saturated and superheated steam.
Refer to the Attachment 1 and Attachment 2 :
 The first two column in the steam table show the relationship
between temperature and saturated vapour pressure. It indicates the
how the boiling point of water changes with pressure.
 Enthalpy – indication of the heat content of 1 kg of steam or water at
the temperature and pressure indicated.
 Enthalpy of saturated vapour (sat. vap.) – subscript hg
 Enthalpy of saturated liquid (sat. liquid) – subscript hf
 Latent heat of evaporation (Latent heat) – subscript hfg i.e. difference
between the enthalpy of the saturated vapour (hg) and the enthalpy
of the saturated liquid (hf)

Saturated liquid (hf) = Saturated vapour (hg) – Latent heat (hfg)

ATTACHMENT 1
Example 1 :
Calculate the enthalpy for the following :
a) saturated steam at 90oC
b) latent heat of evaporation at 90oC
c) water at 90oC

Answer :
a) saturated steam at 90oC, hg = 2660 kJ kg-1
b) latent heat of evaporation at 90oC, hfg = 2283 kJ kg-1
c) water at 90oC, hf = hg - hfg
= 2660 – 2283
= 377 kJ kg-1
ATTACHMENT 2
Example 2 :
Calculate the enthalpy for the following :
a) saturated steam at 135oF
b) latent heat of evaporation at 135oF
c) water at 135oF
Answer :
a) saturated steam at 135oF, hg = 1119.9 BTU/lb
b) latent heat of evaporation at 135oF, hfg = 1016.9 BTU/lb
c) water at 135oF, hf = 102.95 BTU/lb
OR hf = hg - hfg
= 1119.9 – 1016.9
= 103 BTU/lb
Example 3 :
Calculate the enthalpy for the following :
a) saturated steam at 129.44oC
b) latent heat of evaporation at 129.44oC
c) water at 129.44oC

Answer :
Temp. of 129.44oC = 1.8 (129.44) + 32
= 265oF
a) saturated steam at 265oF, hg = 1169.0 BTU/lb
b) latent heat of evaporation at 265oF, hfg = 935.2 BTU/lb
c) water at 265oF, hf = 233.85 BTU/lb
OR hf = hg - hfg
= 1169.0 – 935.2
= 233.8 BTU/lb
Both temperature and absolute pressure must be specified
to accurately determine the specific volume, v, in ft3/lb, and
enthalpy, h, in BTU/lb of superheated steam.
Refer to Attachment 3. Temperature is given in Fahrenheit
(oF), absolute pressure is given in psi, specific volume, v, is
given in ft3/lb and enthalpy, h, is given in BTU/lb.
ATTACHMENT 3
Example 4 :
Calculate the enthalpy for the following :
a) superheated steam at 10 psi and 250oF
b) superheated steam at 15 psi and 300oF
c) superheated steam at 25 psi and 450oF

Answer :
a) Enthalpy, h, for superheated steam at 10 psi and 250oF
= 1170.2 BTU/lb
b) Enthalpy, h, for superheated steam at 15 psi and 300oF
= 1192.5 BTU/lb
c) Enthalpy, h, for superheated steam at 25 psi and 450oF
= 1262.5 BTU/lb
The entries in the table are not close enough to cover all
conditions, it may be necessary to interpolate between entries
to obtain the properties under a given set of conditions.
Example 5 :

a) Calculate the enthalpy for saturated steam at 97oC.

b) Calculate the enthalpy for water at 102oC.
Temp. (oC) Pressure Enthalpy (sat. Latent heat Specific
(kPa) vapour) (kJ/kg) volume
(kJ/kg) (m3/kg)
90 70.1 2660 2283 2.36
? ?
100 101.35 2676 2257 1.673
? ? ?
105 120.8 2684 2244 1.42
Answer :
5 (a)
Hsteam at 90oC 2660 kJ/kg
Hsteam at 100oC 2676 kJ/kg
∆ T = 10oC ; ∆ H = 16 kJ/kg
1o C 1.6 kJ/kg
Hence, Hsteam at 97oC = 2660 + (1.6 x 7)
= 2671.2 kJ/kg
Answer :
5 (b)
Hwater at 100oC = (sat. vapour) – (latent heat)
= 2676 – 2257
= 419 kJ/kg
Hwater at 105oC = (sat. vapour) – (latent heat)
= 2684 – 2244
= 440 kJ/kg
Hwater at 100oC 419 kJ/kg
Hwater at 105oC 440 kJ/kg
∆ T = 5o C ; ∆ H = 21 kJ/kg
1o C 4.2 kJ/kg
Hence, Hwater at 102oC = 419 + (4.2 x 2)
= 427.4 kJ/kg
Example 6 :
Calculate the enthalpy for the following :
a) superheated steam at 10 psi and 275oF
b) superheated steam at 20 psi and 325oF
c) superheated steam at 30 psi and 223.88oC
Temp. (oF) 10 psi 20 psi 30 psi

h (BTU/lb) h (BTU/lb) h (BTU/lb)

250 1170.2 1167.1
? ?
300 1193.7 1191.4 1189.0
? ?
350 1217.1 1215.4 1213.6
?
400 1240.6 1239.2 1237.8
? ?
450 1264.1 1263.0 1261.9
Answer :
a) Hs/steam at 10 psi and 275oF
Hs/steam at 10 psi and 250oF = 1170.2 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 10 psi and 300oF = 1193.7 BTU/lb
∆ T = 50oF ; ∆ H = 23.5 BTU/lb
1oF = 0.47 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 10 psi and 275oF = 1170.2 + (0.47 x 25)
= 1181.95 BTU/lb

b) Hs/steam at 20 psi and 325oF

Hs/steam at 20 psi and 300oF = 1191.4 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 20 psi and 350oF = 1215.4 BTU/lb
∆ T = 50oF ; ∆ H = 24 BTU/lb
1oF = 0.48 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 20 psi and 325oF = 1191.4 + (0.48 x 25)
= 1203.4 BTU/lb
c) Hs/steam at 30 psi and 223.88oC
Temp. 223.88oC = 1.8 (223.88) + 32
= 435oF
Hs/steam at 30 psi and 400oF = 1237.8 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 30 psi and 450oF = 1261.9 BTU/lb
∆ T = 50oF ; ∆ H = 24.1 BTU/lb
1oF = 0.482 BTU/lb
Hs/steam at 10 psi and 275oF = 1237.8 + (0.482 x 35)
= 1254.67 BTU/lb
The capacity of air for moisture removal depends on its
humidity and its temperature.
Psychrometry – study of relationships between air and its
associated water, or, study of the behaviour of mixtures of air
and water.
Humidity – measurement of water content of the air
Absolute humidity (kg/kg) = the mass of water vapour
unit mass of dry air
Air is said to be saturated with water vapour at a given temp.
and pressure if its humidity is maximum under these
conditions.
If further water is added to saturated air, it must appear as
liquid water in the form of mist or droplets.
Psychrometric chart - useful for determining changes in
temperature and humidity for processes that involves loss or
gain of moisture by air at room temp.
Wet-bulb temperature – another main feature of a
psychrometric chart, as compared with the ordinary
temperature which is called as dry-bulb temperature.
The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature that reached by a
water surface, such as that registered by a thermometer bulb,
surrounded by a wet wick, when exposed to air by passing
over it.
The wick and therefore the thermometer bulb decreases in
temperature below the dry-bulb temperature until the rate of
heat transfer from the warmer air to the wick is just equal to the
rate of heat transfer needed to provide for the evaporation of
water from the wick into the air stream.
 4.5.3 Psychrometric Chart

i. Psychrometric chart is a chart of humidity against

temperature
ii. The two main axes are temperature (dry bulb) and
humidity
iii. The saturation curve is plotted on this dividing the
whole area into an unsaturated and a two-phase region
Example 1

 Air at 60oC and 8% RH is blown through a

continuous dryer from which it emerges at a
temperature of 35oC. Estimate the quantity of
water removed per kg of air passing, and the
volume of drying air required to remove 20kg
water/h.
Anwser
Use psychrometric chart (high temperature, to take in the
conditions stated in Example 1)

The inlet air condition shows:

the humidity of the drying air = 10 g/ kg OR 0.01 kg/kg
its specific volume = 0.96 m3/kg dry air

Through the drier, the condition of the air follows a constant

wet-bulb line,

Hence, at 35oC, the humidity of air = 19.5 g/kg OR 0.0195 kg/kg

Therefore, water removed = 0.0195 – 0.01
= 0.0095 kg/kg of air
Anwser
Hence, each kg, i.e 0.96 m3 of air passing will remove
0.0095 kg water.

Thus, volume of drying air required to remove 20 kg

water/h
= 20 x 0.96
0.0095
= 2021 m3/h